Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards of key vocabulary terms and definitions from the lecture notes.

Kidney Waste Excretion

Nitrogenous wastes excreted by the kidneys, including urea, ammonia, uric acid, and creatinine.

Kidney Functions

Regulates ion levels, controls blood pressure, and maintains blood pH.

Ammonia

Formed during deamination of amino acids in the liver.

Urea

Formed in the liver from ammonia through the urea cycle.

Anatomy of the Urinary System

Kidneys → Ureters → Bladder → Urethra

Transitional epithelium

Lining found in the ureters and bladder.

Filtration location

Occurs in the glomerulus.

Reabsorption and Secretion location

Mostly in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).

Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Renin (kidneys) → converts angiotensinogen → Angiotensin I; ACE (lungs) converts it → Angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor); Stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal cortex → ↑ Na and water reabsorption

Aldosterone

Increases Na reabsorption in the distal tubule.

ADH (vasopressin)

Increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct.

C = UV/P Formula

C = clearance, U = urine concentration, V = flow rate, P = plasma concentration; Used to calculate renal clearance

Kidney Stones Composition

Brittle (e.g., calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine, struvite), not fatty.

Forms of Incontinence

Stress, Urge, Overflow.

Cause of Gout

Uric acid crystal buildup in joints.

Dialysis Types

Hemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis

Mechanical Digestion

Physical breakdown (chewing, stomach churning).

Chemical Digestion

Enzymatic breakdown of molecules (e.g., amylase, pepsin).

Absorption

Chemical absorption into blood.

Functions of the Tongue

Taste, speech, movement of food, swallowing.

Muscles Moving the Tongue

Skeletal muscles (intrinsic and extrinsic).

Function of Tonsils

Immune defense—trap pathogens entering via mouth/nose.

Scientific Name for Throat

Pharynx

Epiglottis and Uvula Movement (Deglutition)

Epiglottis: Closes over larynx (downward); Uvula: Elevates to close nasopharynx

Teeth (Medial to Lateral)

Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars

Optimal pH for Salivary Amylase

Around 6.7 – 7.0

Food in the Stomach Called

Chyme

Function of Stomach Acid

Denatures proteins, activates pepsinogen → pepsin, kills microbes.

Ridges in Mouth and Stomach

Mouth: Rugae (palate); Stomach: Rugae

Parts of the Stomach

Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus

Pancreas and Liver Secretion Location

Into duodenum via hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)

Enzyme Activating Pancreatic Enzymes

Enterokinase (enteropeptidase)

Liver and Gallbladder Ducts

Liver: Hepatic ducts → common hepatic duct; Gallbladder: Cystic duct; Merge to form: Common bile duct

Small Intestine Order

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Large Intestine Order

Cecum → Ascending → Transverse → Descending → Sigmoid → Rectum → Anus

Secretin and CCK Functions

Secretin: Stimulates bicarbonate from pancreas; Cholecystokinin (CCK): Stimulates bile release, pancreatic enzymes

Source of Sodium Bicarbonate

Pancreas

Small Intestine Enzymes

Disaccharidases (e.g., maltase, lactase), Peptidases

Layers of GI Tract (deep to superficial)

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa (or adventitia)