Respiratory System Anatomy Lecture

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering fundamental concepts of the skeletal system, including bone classification, structure, and functions.

What is the definition of bone?

A hard type of connective tissue which forms the skeleton.

How many bones does the human skeleton consist of?

206 bones.

What are the main functions of bone?

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation (hematopoiesis).

What bones make up the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax.

How are the bones classified according to shape?

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones, and pneumatic bones.

What is the total number of bones in the axial skeleton?

80 bones.

What is the total number of bones in the appendicular skeleton?

126 bones.

What are the two divisions of the skeleton?

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

What part of the skeleton encloses and protects the brain?

The cranium.

How many facial bones are there in the skull?

14 facial bones.

What is the vertebral column composed of?

33 irregular vertebrae.

What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

What features make up the thoracic cage?

Sternum and ribs.

How many pairs of ribs do humans have?

12 pairs of ribs.

What are true ribs?

The upper 7 pairs of ribs that articulate with the sternum by their costal cartilage.

What are false ribs?

Ribs 8, 9, and 10 that attach to the costal cartilages superior to them.

What are floating ribs?

Ribs 11 and 12 that do not have an anterior attachment.

What bones comprise the pectoral girdle?

Clavicle and scapula.

What bones connect the lower limb with the axial skeleton?

Pelvic girdle (two hip bones).

What is the main bone of the arm?

Humerus.

What are the two bones of the forearm?

Radius and ulna.

What are the bones of the hand?

8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpal bones, and 14 phalanges.

What is the main bone of the thigh?

Femur.

What bones make up the leg?

Tibia and fibula.

What is the classification of bones according to shape?

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, and pneumatic.

What type of bone is the patella?

Sesamoid bone.

Give an example of a long bone.

Femur or humerus.

Give an example of a short bone.

Carpal or tarsal bones.

What defines flat bones?

Thin and flattened, usually curved.

What is unique about irregular bones?

They have an irregular shape and do not fit into other categories.

What are pneumatic bones?

Bones containing air cavities.

What bones can be classified as pneumatic bones?

Frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.

What is the function of bone marrow?

Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis).

How many vertebrae are in the cervical region?

7 vertebrae.

How many bones are in the vertebral column?

33 irregular bones.

What makes up the bony thorax?

Ribs and sternum.

What is the anatomical position of the thoracic cage viewed from the anterior?

Sternum and ribs clearly seen.

How many bones are in the skull?

22 bones.

What are the three parts of the sternum?

Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

What is the function of bones in supporting the body?

Providing strength to support body weight and organs.

What type of bone resists external shocks?

Bones of thoracic cage.

What type of tissue is bone classified as?

Connective tissue.

What is the total number of ribs in the thoracic cage?

24 ribs.

What is the shape classification for the femur?

Long bone.

What type of bones are found in the wrist?

Carpal bones (short bones).

How are the ribs categorized?

True ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.

What is the main function of the ribs?

To protect the thoracic organs.

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12 thoracic vertebrae.

What is the hip bone classified as?

Irregular bone.

What bones form the pelvic girdle?

Two hip bones.

How are lumbar bones characterized?

5 lumbar vertebrae, larger and bear more weight.

What structure runs through the vertebral column?

The spinal cord.

What types of bones provide the skeleton's shape?

Long, short, flat, and irregular bones.

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

They diminish friction between tendon and underlying bone.

What bones protect the brain?

Cranial bones.

What bone is known as the breastbone?

Sternum.

Identify a bone that is irregular in shape.

Vertebrae.

What bone shape is primarily spongy?

Short bones like carpal and tarsal bones.

Name the bone that forms the upper arm.

Humerus.

How many phalanges are in the hand?

14 phalanges (2 for thumb, 3 for each of the other fingers).

What classification does the scapula belong to?

Flat bone.

What is the main purpose of the hyoid bone?

Supports the tongue and aids in swallowing.

Define the term 'hematopoiesis' as it relates to bone.

Formation of blood cells within bone marrow.

What are intervertebral discs made of?

Cartilage.

Describe the shape of a short bone.

Generally cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone.

In what part of the skeleton would you find pelvic bones?

Appendicular skeleton.

What provides a rigid structure for the body?

The skeletal system.

What role do bones play in movement?

Muscles attach to them, facilitating movement at joints.

Name an example of a flat bone.

Sternum or ribs.

List the bones classified as facial bones.

Maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, nasal, vomer, ethmoid, lacrimal, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital.

What is the primary function of the vertebral column?

To provide axial support for the body.

What is the connection between bones and movement?

Muscle attachment allows for joint movement.

Which bones are considered irregular?

Vertebrae and hip bones.

Which bone is the largest in the human body?

Femur.

What is the distinctive feature of sesamoid bones?

They are embedded within tendons.

What type of bone is the maxilla?

Facial bone.

What is the role of the cranium?

To enclose and protect the brain.

What type of tissue predominantly makes up bone?

Dense connective tissue.

Which component of the skeletal system is primarily involved in mineral storage?

Bone.

What description fits the coxal bone?

Irregular bone; part of the pelvic girdle.

How many carpal bones are in the wrist?

8 carpal bones.

What classification do the ribs fall under?

They are classified as flat bones.

What part of the spine is the coccyx?

Fused coccygeal vertebrae.

What are the bones of the lower limb?

Femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges.

Which part of the axial skeleton consists of the ribs and sternum?

Bony thorax.

How many bones does the adult human vertebral column generally have?

33.

Why are pneumatic bones important?

They reduce weight without compromising strength.

What is the anatomical position of the pelvic girdle viewed from a lateral aspect?

The two hip bones connect with the sacrum.

How is the structure of long bones characterized?

Longer than wide with a shaft and two ends.

What is the main function of blood cell formation in bones?

Production of red and white blood cells in bone marrow.