GI and metabolism

Which of the following breakfasts would remain in the stomach longest?

a. A boiled egg, toast, and juice.

b. The type of meal one consumes does not affect the rate of gastric emptying.

c. Fried eggs, bacon, and hash browns.

d. A bowl of cereal with skim milk.

c. Fried eggs, bacon, and hash browns.

Receptors for digestive reflexes:

a. do not include endocrine cells

b. do not relay information to integrative centers in the central nervous system

c. are located in the gastrointestinal tract wall and include chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors

c. are located in the gastrointestinal tract wall and include chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors

These enzymes secreted by the pancreas and important for protein digestion are trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin.

• True

• False

False

Peristaltic contractions can occur in:

a. the stomach

b. all of the above

c. the small and large intestines

d. the esophagus

c. the small and large intestines

Regarding the secretion of HCl in the stomach:

a. hydrogen ion is actively transported into the gastric lumen by ATPase pumps in the mucosal membrane

b. two of the above are correct

c. hydrogen ion is actively transported into the lumen by secondary active transporters coupled to K⁺ ion

d. the pH of the blood leaving the area of the parietal cells is lower than normal

a. hydrogen ion is actively transported into the gastric lumen by ATPase pumps in the mucosal membrane

The products of lipid digestion diffuse into the intestinal epithelium as micelles.

• True

• False

False

The presence of acid and peptides in the stomach stimulates the gastric phase of gastrointestinal control.

• True

• False

True

If a fatty meal has been ingested, the liver and gall bladder need to be alerted about the need for bile. The receptors that are responsible for sensing the fat in the ingested food are referred to as:

a. mechanoreceptors

b. bilireceptors

c. osmodetectors

d. chemoreceptors

d. chemoreceptors

A person without a gallbladder:

a. will have difficulty digesting a large, fat-rich meal

b. cannot secrete bile

c. cannot store bile

d. cannot store bile and will have difficulty digesting a large, fat-rich meal

d. cannot store bile and will have difficulty digesting a large, fat-rich meal

Arrange the following in proper sequence:

(1) digestion

(2) elimination

(3) ingestion

(4) absorption

a. 3, 4, 2, 1

b. 1, 4, 3, 2

c. 4, 1, 2, 3

d. 3, 4, 1, 2

e. 3, 1, 4, 2

e. 3, 1, 4, 2

In general metabolic terms, food digestion is a form of ______, while
building new protein molecules is a form of ______.

A. metabolism; cellular respiration
B. anabolism; catabolism
C. cellular respiration; metabolism
D. catabolism; anabolism

D. catabolism; anabolism

Generally, lipids are:

A. Polar
B. Non-polar

B. Non-polar

During the post-absorptive state, the pancreas releases ________________ which leads to the ________________ of glycogen

A. Insulin, breakdown
B. Insulin, synthesis
C. Glucagon, breakdown
D. Glucagon, synthesis

C. Glucagon, breakdown

During the absorptive state, the pancreases releases _______________ which leads to the ____________ of glycogen.

A. Insulin, breakdown
B. Insulin, synthesis
C. Glucagon, breakdown
D. Glucagon, synthesis

B. Insulin, synthesis

If more calories are ingested in food than are expended by metabolism

a person will gain weight

Bile catalyzes the breakdown of triglyceride into a monoglyceride and two free fatty acids.

• True

• False

false

Proteolytic enzymes secreted from the pancreas are activated:

within the lumen of the small intestine

The enzyme pepsin becomes active when pH is:

low

Amylase from saliva digests:

starch

Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest:
1. dipeptide
2. protein
3. amino acid
4. polypeptide

2, 4, 1, 3

Disaccharides are one type of:

carbohydrate

Metabolic rate is a measurement of the:

energy used in a given period of time

Recommended daily allowances established by the Food and Nutrition Board are based on:

averages obtained from population studies

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are
a.carbohydrates.
b.fats.
c.proteins.
d.nucleic acids.

B

To maintain homeostasis, the hormone that is secreted during the post-absorptive state causes:
a. a decrease in the level of fatty acids in the
blood.
b. an increase in the level of blood sugar.
c.an increase in protein synthesis in tissue cells.
d.formation of triglycerides from fatty acids.

B

The absorptive state

a. is when glycogenolysis usually occurs.
b. has gluconeogenesis as one of its main events.
c.occurs immediately to about 4 hours after meals.
d.occurs in the large intestine.

C

When blood glucose levels rise, as in the fed state,
a.glucagon is released.
b.insulin is released.
c.peripheral cells take up less glucose.

B

The best way to estimate a person's basal metabolic rate is to measure it when the person is
a.sleeping.
b.resting after a 12-hour fast.
c.resting after a large meal.
d.Exercising

B

Which of the following is/are possible uses of amino acids in energy production?
a.forming a keto acid that can enter the citric acid cycle
b.forming intermediate molecules of carbohydrate metabolism
c.forming NADH that enters the electron-transport chain.
d.All of the choices are uses of amino acids in energy production.

D

Vigorous physical activity causes total metabolic rate to:
a.remain constant.
b.increase during the exercise and for hours afterwards.
c.decrease to conserve energy during the exercise but increase to repay oxygen debt.
d.decrease during the exercise and for hours afterwards.

B

Slim N. Trim has been on a low-
fat, no carbohydrate diet for two months. Which of the
following would you expect to find in large quantities in the urine?
a. Glucose
b.ketone bodies
c.pyruvic acid
d.proteins

B

Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract?
a.Pharynx
b.liver
c.stomach
d.large intestine

B

A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. Onexamination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to theduodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, hisblood probably indicates _______.
a.alkalosis
b.acidosis
c.ketosis
d.dysphagia

A

Which of the following supports maximum absorption of nutrients in the small
intestine?
a. Microvilli
b. Segmentation
c. Circular internal folds of mucosal and submucosal layers
d. All of the above

D

Functions of the liver include
a.production of many blood proteins.
b.interconversion of nutrients.
c. detoxification of
harmful chemicals.
d.bile production.
e. All of these are functions of the liver.

E

Amino acids and monosaccharides are moved into the intestinal epithelial cells via:
a.Simple diffusion
b.Active transport
c.Passive transport

B

Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?
a.mucosa
b.muscularis
c.submucosa
d.serosa
e.peritoneum

A

Pepsin is activated by:
a.Pepsinogen
b.Trypsinogen
c.HCl
d.Peptidases

C

The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the

a. exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions in the transport process.
b.active transport of chloride ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
c.active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.

d. exchange of sodium and bicarbonate ions.e.the combination of carbon dioxide and water.

C

What digestive issues could result in someone who has had their gallbladder removed?
a.Difficulty emulsifying
lipids and forming micelles
b. Difficulty breaking down proteins
c. Difficulty breaking down saccharides
d.Difficulty breaking down lipids

A

Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?
a.The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.
b.The stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won't attack it.
c.The digestive enzymes in the stomach aren't efficient enough.
d.The stomach lining is too tough to be digested.
e.The stomach is protected by HCl.

A

Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________.
a.hydrochloric acid
b.mucin
c.pepsinogen
d. rennin

A

The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the
a.cephalic phase of gastric secretion.
b.intestinal phase of gastric secretion.
c.gastric phase of gastric secretion.
d.cystic phase of gastric secretion.
e.hepatic phase of gastric secretion

C

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by aspecific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?a.Rennin
b.lipase
c.pepsin
d.cholecystokinin

B

Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume of highly acidic chyme, which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following responses are consistent with that?
a. decreased gastric acid secretion
b. increased bile production
c. increased pancreatic bicarbonate production & pancreatic enzyme secretion
d. increased secretin and cholecystokinin

all of the above

It is around lunchtime right now, and the anticipation of eating food has probably caused an increase secretion of gastric juice in you stomach. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _______.

cephalic

Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle?

The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control

The primary kind of motility in the small intestine during digestion of a meal is

segmentation

Which of the following is not secreted by the exocrine pancreas?

a. bicarbonate ion

b. trypsinogen

c. lipase

d. bile salts

d. Bile salts

During the absorptive state, the body makes use of stored nutrients for energy.

• True

• False

false

Long reflexes of digestion involve activity of the central nervous system.

• True

• False

true

Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion?

a. acidic chyme in duodenum

b. secretin

c. gastrin

d. cholecystokinin

e. pepsin

c. gastrin

Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent:

a. food from entering the stomach.

b. stomach acid from being released.

c. digestive enzymes from being released.

d. food from entering the small intestine.

e. the making of chyme.

d. food from entering the small intestine.