Lecture 10: Botany

Are plants unicellular or multicellular?

multicellular

Are plants prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Eukaryotic

What is a significant characteristic of the Plantae kingdom?

Chloroplast

Are plants heterotrophic or autotrophic?

autotrophic

Plants are closely related to

charophyte algae

Plants are classified as

embryophytes

Embryophytes form a __________ _________ on the parental body

multicellular embryo

A waxy surface material that is secreted onto parts exposed to the air

Cuticle

Allows for the exchange of oxygen and water vapor for carbon dioxide

Stomata

A plant tissue that transports water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. It consists of xylem and phloem.

Vascular tissue

The phase in the plant life cycle where the sporophyte is the dominant form, producing spores through meiosis for reproduction

Dominant Diploid Generation

Fine powder produced by plants for reproduction. It contains male gametes and is transferred to female plant parts for fertilization.

Pollen

small, embryonic plants enclosed in a protective outer covering.

Seeds

The multicellular diploid phase in the life cycle of plants that produces spores through meiosis

Sporophyte

Haploid stage in the life cycle of plants and algae, producing gametes through mitosis; dominant stage in bryophytes and ferns.

Gametophyte

Structure found in non-flowering plants that produces and releases spores for reproduction.

Sporangia

The diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis through the ______

sporangia

Spores germinate and divide by _____, producing a multicellular, haploid gametophyte

mitosis

The haploid _______ produces gametes by mitosis

gametophyte

A ____ is formed when a sperm fuses to an egg, is the first cell of the next sporophyte generation

zygote

Label 1

Sporophyte Generation

Label 2

Meiosis

Label 3

Spores

Label 4

Mitosis

Label 5

Gametophyte Generation

Label 6

Mitosis (1N)

Label 7

Sperm, egg

Label 8

Gametes

Label 9

Fertilization

Label 10

Embryo (zygote)

Label 11

Mitosis (2N)

Label A

2N

Label B

1N

Closest living descendants of the first land plants

Bryophytes

Bryophytes are also called

Non-tracheophytes

Specialized plant cells that provide structural support and transport water and minerals throughout the plant.

Can be found as a component of xylem

Tracheids

Bryophytes requires water to reproduce

sexually

Bryophytes contains

rhizoids

Rhizoids are

unicellular

Rhizods functions as

water transport and adhesion to surfaces

Rhizoids are not

organs

Mosses are the most _____ ____

diverse group

Mosses’ gametophytes contains ____ _____ structure

leaflike photosyntehtic

Mosses only have _____ on the sporophyte capsule

stomata

Mosses forms relationships with _______

fungi

Mosses grow in ____ _____ in high latitude regions

peat bogs

Female gametangia

archegonia

Archegonia produces a single ___

egg

Male gametangia

antheridia

Antheridia produces many _____

sperms

Gametes are produced by _____

mitosis

Why are gametes produced by mitosis?

Because the gametophyte is haploid

Sporophytes produces a _______

sporangium

Oldest surviving plant lineage

Liverworts

Liverworts have no _____

stomata

Anthocerophyte that only contains around 200 species

Hornworts

Hornworts are the sister group to _________

tracheophytes

Hornworts’ cells contain a

single large chloroplast

Conducts water and dissolved nutrients

Xylem

Conducts sugars and hormones

Phloem

What generation is more dominant?

sporophyte generation

What generation is short-lived

gametophyte generation

Seedless Vascular plants contains

xylem, phloem, stomata, cuticle, has true stems

Sperms of seedless vascular plants

swim to the eggs as they’re flagellated

What plants are mainly found in tropics and moist temperate regions?

Lycophytes

Lycophytes are ____ even with vascular tissue

small

Some stems of Lycophytes grow underground and form relationships with

fungi

Lycophytes includes

club and spike mosses

Whisk ferns, Horsetails, Ferns

Pterophytes

Whisk ferns lack

roots and leaves

Horsetails have _____ _____ with brushlike leaves

jointed stems

Are gymnosperms avascular or vascular?

Vascular

Gymnosperms develop

naked seeds

Gymnosperms are dominated by the what generation?

Sporophyte Generation

Gymnosperms produces

Pollen grains

Why do Gymnosperms need no water for reproduction?

They carry the male gamete and produces a pollen tube to reach the female

What gymnosperm is this?

Cycadophyta

What gymnosperm is this?

Ginkgophyta

What gymnosperm is this?

Gnetophyta

Where are the seeds in cycads stored?

cones

Cycads and Ginkgos sperms are

flagellated and motile

Cycads resembles..

palmlike plants

Gnetophytes have seeds in

cones

Gnetophytas and Coniferophytas’ sperms are not

motile

Lycophytes and Pteridophytes both reproduce through _____ instead of seeds

spores

In Coniferophytes, the male pollen-bearing exhibits

soft cones

In Coniferophytes, the female pollen-bearing exhibits

ovulate cones

Angiosperms are

flowering plants

Produces pollen

Stamen

Holds one or more eggs-producing ovule

ovary

Four lineages of the Angiosperm

1. Monocots

2. Eudicots

3. Magniliophyta

4. Basal Angiosperms