Protein synthesis Review

Protein Synthesis

Process that produces proteins

Need for proteins

To do all the things in our bodies

Transport oxygen through blood (hemoglobin)

Regulate blood sugar levels (insulin)

Etc

Where protein synthesis take place

Pt 1: Nucleus (transcription)

Pt 2: cytoplasm @ Ribosome (translation)

DNA-RNA

Part of the central dogma that takes place in nucleus

Nucleic acids in nucleus

DNA and mRNA

RNA polymerase

Enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds of the original DNA molecule

Template strand

Strand enzyme reads to build mRNA molecule

Where mRNA goes after entire gene is copied

Out of nucleus and to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

Coding strand

mRNA is same as the…

Template strand

mRNA is complementary to the…

Codon

3 consecutive base pairs on an mRNA molecule

Anticodon

Found in tRNA

Nucleus

Where transcription occurs

nucleus —> ribosome

Where mRNA starts and where it ends up after transcription

3 types of RNA

mRNA tRNA rRNA

Nucleus

Where DNA is located

How RNA is different from DNA

mRNA

Function: Carries “message” and code to create protein from inside nucleus to ribosome ( copy DNA to make protein )

Location: nucleus

Made in nucleus and goes to ribosome in cytoplasm

tRNA

Function: carries and transports amino acids to site and protein synthesis/ribosome (bring amino acids to ribosome)

Location: cytoplasm

Forms ribosome (in cytoplasm)

rRNA

Function: forms ribosome and site of protein synthesis (build protein / read mRNA

Location: in cytoplasm, goes to ribosome for translation

Ribosome/cytoplasm

AUG

Start codon

UGA, UAA, UAG

Stop codons

Practice translation

Use codon (mRNA) to determine amino acid

Primary structure

Peptide bonds

Holds primary structure together

Polypeptide chain

polymer of protein

Amino acid

Monomer of protein

Secondary structure

Hydrogen Bonds

Holds together secondary structure

Alpha helicase (coil)

Beta sheet (folded sheets/zig zags)

2 most common secondary structure

Tertiary structure

R group interactions

Holds together tertiary structure

Tertiary

One polypeptide subunit, globular structure

Quaternary structure

R group interactions

Holds together quaternary structure

Quaternary

Multiple polypeptide subunits, globular

Polar amino acids

Hydrophilic

Fold outside (like H2O)

Non polar

Hydrophobic

Fold inside (don’t like H20)

Function

The structure of a protein determines its…

Insertion and deletion

Examples of frame shift mutations

Silent, nonsense, missense

Examples of substitution mutations

Silent (substitution)

Codon sequence changes but codes for the same amino acid

(Almost no change)

Missense (substitution)

One amino acid changes

Nonsense (substitution)

One amino acid changes to stop (premature stop)

Ribosomes

rRNA forms…

Nucleotides

Monomer of DNA

DNA (double stranded)

Polymer of DNA

mRNA

messenger

RNA that carries information needed for protein production from the nucleus to other parts of the cell

tRNA

transfer

RNA that brings amino acids to a ribosome and matches their anticodon to the mRNA codon

rRNA

RNA that makes up subunits of a ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis

Transcription

Process that creates a strand of mRNA from a complementary strand of DNA

Nucleus

Where mRNA is formed

Coding

mRNA has the same sequence as the ___ strand of DNA

In cytoplasm at ribosome

Where translation takes place

Desaturation

The unfolding of a protein that occurs due to excessive temperature or pH change