Histo 12 Module 2 Quiz 2 (US Occupation & Road to Inderpendence)

Chronological Order of Events

1. Philippine Organic Act (Cooper Act), July 1, 1902

2. First Philippine Assembly, October 16, 1907

3. Jones Law (August 29, 1916)

4. Osmeña-Quezon Rivalry,1922

5. OsRox Mission, 1931

6. Hare-Hawes Cutting Act (passed on Jan 13, 1933 & enacted on Jan 17, 1933)

7. Tydings McDuffie Act, March 24, 1934

8. National Defense Act, December 21, 1935

Benevolent Assimilation

• Dec 21, 1898  

• Proclamation by President William McKinley

• Document from the US stating that they would colonize the PH and bring forth civilization to the country (to come as friends, but really they wanted to expand military reach)

• American generals in the PH didn’t want it to be published because magagalit si Aguinaldo

• But it was published by General Miller and it reached Luna, editor of La Independencia

• Luna led the attack on this proclamation saying it was to quiet the people and subterfuge (a deceptive trick used to hide something, used to escape or get away with something)

• Aguinaldo’s rection: he realized that the US were not friends, he publicly denounced the proclamation 

The Whiteman’s Burden

• Published in Judge Magazine on April 1, 1899 inspired by Rudyard Kipling's poem, “The White Man's Burden”

• Depicts John Bull (Great Britain) and Uncle Sam (United States) carrying colonized people toward "Civilization"

  • Reflects the belief that Western nations had a moral duty to civilize non-Western peoples through colonial rule

  • Justified American imperialism and the annexation of the Philippines after the Spanish–American War

1. Philippine Organic Act of 1902 / Cooper Act

• By Henry A. Cooper

• Also known as the Philippine Bill of 1902 or the Cooper Act

• A law for the Insular Government (American colonial government) that was enacted by the United States Congress on July 1, 1902

• Provided the creation of the Philippine Assembly, with members to be elected by Filipino males (women did not have the right to vote until after the 1937 suffrage plebiscite)

• The approval of the act coincided with the official end of the Philippine–American War

2. First Philippine Assembly

• Established under the Philippine Organic Act of 1902

• Inaugurated on October 16, 1907

• The first Philippine Assembly elections were held on July 30, 1907

  • Also the first nationwide election in Philippine history

• Key officials included:

1. Sergio Osmeña – Speaker of the Assembly

2. Manuel L. Quezon – Majority Leader

3. Vicente Singson – Minority Leader

• Served as the lower house of the Philippine Legislature from 1907 to 1916

  • It was the first national legislative body elected by the Filipino people

    • Marked the beginning of Filipino participation in national self-government

  • Together with the appointed Philippine Commission (Upper House), it formed a bicameral legislature (legislative department is divided into lower and upper houses)

What was the format of Philippine government?

Bicameral Legislature

First Philippine Assembly served as the lower house of Philippine Legislature

The Philippine Commission served as the upper house

Political Parties

• The Federalista Party advocated for U.S. statehood

  • In 1905, it became the National Progressive Party and shifted to supporting independence

• The Nacionalista Party was founded in 1907 as a Filipino nationalist party advocating independence

  • The Nacionalista Party became the dominant political party in the Philippines

  • It led the country under President Manuel L. Quezon, Sergio Osmeña, Ramon Magsaysay, Carlos P. Garcia, and Ferdinand Marcos

3. 1916 Jones Law / Philippine Autonomy Act

to help expand the Filipino self-government, increasing Filipino participation in government, the Philippine Assembly became the House of Representatives

• The first formal and official declaration of the United States Federal Government's commitment to grant independence to the Philippines

  • Had certain privileges reserved to the United States to protect its sovereign rights and interests, in preparation for the grant of independence 

  • Stated the grant of independence would come only "as soon as a stable government can be established", which was to be determined by the U.S Government itself

• Established the first fully elected Philippine Legislature, replacing the Philippine Commission with an elected Senate

• In 1916, it renamed the Assembly as the House of Representatives of the Philippines

• Increased Filipino participation in government and legislative autonomy

4. Quezon vs Osmeña

• In 1922, Manuel L. Quezon announced a political split with Sergio Osmeña

• Two factions emerged:

1. Unipersonalistas led by Osmeña

2. Colectivistas led by Quezon

• Despite the division, both groups remained under the Nacionalista Party

• Each faction fielded its own slate of candidates in the 1922 Senate elections

  • After the elections, Quezon became Senate President, while Osmeña became Senate President Pro Tempore

• Reconciled to lead the OsRox Mission

5. OsRox Mission 1931 Leading to 6. Hare Hawes Cutting Act

• The two leaders of the OsRox Mission were Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas 

• The goal was to persuade the U.S. Congress to pass a law granting Philippine independence

• The Osrox Mission eventually secured the Hare Haws Cutting Act

• Want representation in executive branch

• Want a specific date for independence, which was not stated in the Jones Law

• ⁃ Independence in 10 years

• On January 13, 1933, the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act became the first measure passed by the United States House of Representatives

• On January 17, 1933, the U.S. Senate approved the bill

  • It promised Philippine independence after a 10-year transition period; however:

    • Reserved several military and naval bases for the United States

    • Imposed tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports

7. Tydings McDuffie Act / Philippine Independence Act

• On March 24, 1934, it was signed into law by Franklin D. Roosevelt 

  • Manuel L. Quezon travelled to the U.S. opposing the Hare-Hawes Act

    • Advocated for the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which eliminated objectionable provisions of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act

    • The Philippine Senate supported the bill and won the support of Roosevelt

• Established another 10-year transition period leading to Philippine independence

• Authorized the drafting of the 1935 Constitution and the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth

• Was basically a copy of the hare hawes cutting act, because the US was still under the great depression

8. National Defense Act (Common Wealth Act No.1)

• Enacted on December 21, 1935

• Established the Philippine national defense system aimed to create a citizen army capable of defending the country

• Manuel L. Quezon sought Douglas MacArthur to organize the Philippine military

  • Appointed him as Field Marshal of the Philippine Army

  • Developed defense plans, military organization, and training program

Pensionado Act

• The word pensionado originated with the Spanish language, meaning to receive a pension from the government

• Started in 1903 with a purpose to "educate and bind current and future Filipino leaders to the American colonial administration”

• Filipinos (mostly males) sponsored by the act were able to continue their education abroad and learn about American culture

Pensionados

• The United States government agreed to having Filipinos in the United States acquire knowledge on Western culture and civilization and return to the Philippines

what was the impact of Education

• Education became a very important issue for the United States colonial government

  • It allowed it to spread their cultural values, particularly the English language and American history, to the Filipino people

  • Led to forming of a national identity and Filipino nationalism

Higher Education

• It was provided by the establishment of the state-supported University of the Philippines in 1908

  • Used Spanish as a medium of instruction, but pressure of competition forced them to abandon Spanish in favor of English

English as Primary Language

• The graduates of the previously mentioned school were greatly handicapped in government examinations, which were conducted in English

  • English to be the language of instruction in all schools, colleges and universities,

    • Explains why English is understood throughout the Philippines

    • Resulted in an increase of Filipino literacy

Thomasites

• The first public school teachers were American soldiers who were replaced by Thomasites

  • American teachers who came to the Philippines on board the S.S. Thomas

• From 1913-1914, Filipino students who showed aptitudes in some branches of learning were sent to the United States as pensionados

Important Women during American Period and Commonwealth

Encarnación Alzona

• Pioneering Filipino historian, educator, and suffragist

• First Filipino woman to earn a Ph.D. (Columbia University, 1923).

First Filipina Politicians

Agricultural Issues and Developments

Free Trade: The Sugar Problem

• Two problems confronted the country:

1. Find the means for the preservation of the sugar industry after all the privileges that it now enjoys have terminated

2. Find the means of distributing the profits of the industry more equitably, as between the sugar central and the landowner on the one hand, and the sugar planter and the laborers, on the other

Farmer’s Rights and Earning

Rice Share Tenancy Act

• (aimed for 5050 split of crop shares between land owner and farmer)

• 10% increase in interest in agricultural years

• safeguards against arbitrary “abuse” by landlords

Treaty of Paris (selling of the PH)

• Dec 10, 1898, happening in the background 

• The Spanish wanted a dignified exit from the Philippines, Spain was bankrupt because of the wars

• US offered 20 mil USD to pay for the PH

• Spain would offer multiple latin American countries and the PH to Spain

• ⁃ There was no Filipino signature or person at the meeting

Malolos Congres

• Based on the on the decrees from June 18 and 23, 1898, Aguinaldo summoned the Revolutionary Congress at Barasoain, Malolos

  • Sept 4: he appointed 50 delegates

  • Sept 10: became 10

  • Number of delegates in congress fluctuated at times

  • There was now an executive and congress 

What to do:

1. Ratify Declaration of Independence

• 2. To write a constitution 

Headed by Pedro Paterno

San Juan bridge incident

• Feb 4 1899

• William Grayson shoots 2 unarmed Filipino soldiers trying to cross into an American-held sector near the San Juan Bridge

  • Filipinos didn’t speak English

  • “Halt!” Said the Americans, but they couldn’t understand so they proceeded.

• After the shots, Filipinos began firing

• ⁃ Led to Battle of Manila

Philippine-American War (2 phases)

• Two phases:

1. Feb-Nov 1899: Aguinaldo attempts to fight a traditional war with a pre-mature army. Failed against American veterans 

2. Nov 1899-Spring 1902: shift to guerrilla-style war, in 1901 Aguinaldo was captured

• Resistance maintained until 1903 and 1913 for different groups