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Origins of Machiavellianism (Christie 1954)
Disdain for morality, interpersonal manipulation, cynical perspective, liars
Adjectival Description of Machiavellianism Construct
Domineering, impersonal, manipulative, utilitarian, deceitful, tough-minded
Mach-IV (Christie & Geis, 1970)
Anyone who trusts completely is asking for trouble, wise to flatter important people
Short-term vs Long-term consequences of Mach
Lying works in short term, antisocial behavioured people move around more
Nature vs nurture of Mach
It is a blend of both
Nomological Network of Mach
Dominance without nurturance
DSM pathology and Machs
Overlap between many personality disorders, particularly antisocial and borderline
Sandbagging
Display low ability to induce an opponent to reduce effort, AKA strategic faking
Sandbagging? Competitive situation, low Mach
YES - sandbagging strategy
Sandbagging? Competitive situation, high Mach
NO - dominance strategy, even to failure
Prime Situation for Machs
Ability to improvise, emotionally-charged situation, face-to-face contact
How do Christie & Geis describe Machs?
Manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more
Jonason et al (2008) - Mach Sex Behaivour
More short-term sex, more sexual partners, diverse range of sexual interest
The Dark Triad
Narcissism & Psychopathy correlate significantly, Machivellianism correlates moderately
Baughman et al (2014) - sexual fantasy
Psychopathic people enjoy sex that hurts others and is impersonal (more so than machs or narcs)
Buckels et al (2014) - internet trolls
Trolls have high scores of mach, narc, psycho, and sadism
DSM Definition of Narcs
Haughty/arrogant behaviour, grandiose, interpersonal exploitativeness, need for admiration, deficient empathy, envy, sntitlement, fantasies of success, strong feeling of uniqueness
Raskin & Terry (1988) - Measuring narcs
The higher the score, the more narcissistic
The Narcissism Epidemic
Sky-high levels of narcissism and low-levels of empathy peaked from 1985 to 2006
Bianchi (2014) - Unemployment and narcissism
The higher the unemployment rate, the less narcissism
Davenport et al (2014)
Narcs have a significant tendency towards social media
Peak age of narcissism
15-18 years old
Social Learning Model of Narcissism (Brummelman)
Pedestalization type of parenting (nurturing self esteem gone wrong), fairly stable across lifetime
Psychodynamic Model of Narcissism (Kernberg)
Move through life surrounded in bubble. Invalidation, failure, rejection, stress all burst this bubble. Incredibly aggressive when bubble bursts, and it will reinflate.
Origins of Narcs
Comes from childhood abuse/severe inadequacy - sense of grandiose develops in compensation
Zeigler-Hill et al (2006) - Self esteem in Narcs
Extremely high explicit self-esteem, incredibly low implicit self-esteem (though sometimes its just narcissism through and through)
Behaviour-Genetics Model of Narcissism
Narcissism is an inherited personality trait (40-60%), congregates in families
Narcissistic Rage (Busman and Baumeister)
Aggression is a means of defending view of self against someone who seeks to contradict view
Effects on Aggression in Narcs
Praise decreases aggression; Ego threats increase aggression
Aggression due to rejection in Narcs
Leads to more manipulative, coercive, assaultive behaviours (including sexually violent behaviours)
Pathological Narcisssism
Involves lack of separation between actual and idealized self
Raskin et al (1988) - Personal pronouns and Narcs
Narcissism is associated with increased use of word “I” and decreased use of word “we”
Pincus and Lukowitsky (2010) - Pathological Narcs
Splits off into narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability
Narcissistic Grandiosity (Pincus & Luko)
Overt/covert expression: entitlement rage, exploitativeness, grandiose fantasy, self-enhancement
Narcissistic Vulnerability (Pincus & Luko)
Overt/covert expression: contingent self-esteem, hiding the self, devaluing
Widiger (1998) - Gender differences in Narcs
Biased (application of) diagnostic criteria, histrionic PD vs narcissistic PD, could be definition problem or diagnosis problem
Intrapsychic Self-Enhancement
67-96% report themselves better than their peers
Narcissism and Academics
Not associated with higher grades, but is associated with feelings of academic acheivement
Narcissistic Self-Esteem Meta-analysis
Correlation of .29 between narcissism and self-esteem; self-esteem is variable though and incredibly liable
Narcissism and Emotional Functioning
Intense and variable affect: grandiose euphoria to bleak depression to intense anger
Interpersonal Patterns of Narcs
Interpersonal behaviour is most salient and malignant features of pathology
Relationships for Narcs
Characterized by “Dreams” by Fleetwood Mac; game-playing romantic style with aversion to partner dependence
McNulty and Widman (2014) - Sexual narcissism
Sexual exploitation & entitlement, lack of sexual empathy, grandiose sense of sexual skill, high infidelity
McCullough et al (2003) - Victimization of Narcs
Narcissistic people perceive, recall, and report being victimized more frequently
