2022 Final Exam Review - Patho

Which of the following is the best possible way to control pain?

application of ice

Which of the following BEST characterizes a virus?

obligate intracellular parasite that requires a host cell for replication

An objective indication of disease that is obvious to an observer is a

sign

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment by the body is called

homeostasis

What is the normal pH range for blood?

7.35 - 7.45

What is apoptosis?

normal programmed cell death

Normal ratio of bicarbonate ion to carbonic acid is

20:1

What is the goal of primary prevention?

Protecting healthy people from developing a disease such as nutritional education programs

What is the goal of secondary prevention?

halt or slow the progress of disease (if possible) in its earliest stages

What is a method of tertiary prevention?

Chronic pain management programs

Fibromyalgia would be considered a _____ disease because the cause is unknown.

Idiopathic

What is the primary CATION of the intracellular fluid?

Potassium

What does the term “nosocomial” mean?

infection originating in a healthcare setting

Nociceptors are

Free sensory nerves in tissues

What does ascites mean?

Fluid in the abdominal cavity

What is central pain?

Dysfunction or damage to the brain or spinal cord

When brain tissue dies, the cells liquify. This is called

Liquefaction Necrosis

What is the term for an area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria?

gangrene

What is the first step of inflammation

Bradykinin is released from the injured cells

What is the function of flagella?

A spinning projection that improves motility

Epidemic is…

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time

Low sodium levels cause

Hyponatremia

What is the term that is used to identify a factor that triggers an acute episode?

Precipitating factor

What is NOT a mode of transmission for infectious agents?

Perspiration

Excessive loss of fluid in the body from diarrhea can lead to

Hypokalemia

Which type of gangrene is the hardest to treat?

Wet

Pyrexia is the medical term for what condition?

Fever

Place the steps of the chain of infection in the correct order.

Infectious agent / pathogen
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host

What is a term that is used to refer to the clinical evidence or effects of the disease?

Manifestations

The process that occurs when there is minimal tissue damage:

Resolution

Which is NOT a fungal disease?

Staphylococcus aureus

Sally goes to work knowing she is sick. A week later, 2 of her coworkers called in sick. Her 2 coworkers are what part of the chain of infection?

Susceptible host

Pain tolerance is?

Ability to cope with pain

What is used to classify a burn?

depth of skin damage and the percentage of body surface area involved

Which of the following is NOT a component in the chain of infection?

Vector

What is a disease-causing form of a protein particle called?

prion

Where does regeneration take place?

Damaged liver tissue

By the process of _____, fluid constantly circulates somewhat freely across the body, depending on the permeability of the membranes.

Osmosis

Endogenous means

Originating from within the body

What is gangrene?

Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria

What is hyperplasia cell?

Increase in number of the cell

What does ADH (antidiuretic hormone) do?

Controls the amount of fluid leaving the body in the urine

Which is NOT a drug used to treat inflammation?

Vitamins

Pathogens are

The disease-causing microbes

What is the term for infection of the skin, hair, or nails?

Dermatomycosis

What is the best indication of fluid status?

Sudden gain/loss in weight

What is normal body temperature?

98\.6 ℉ or or 36 ℃

Which of the following used by organisms to ingest bacteria?

Phagocytosis

A patient has a blood clot, leading to ischemic pain. Why?

Sudden loss of blood flow to an organ

Define granuloma.

Small mass of cells with a necrotic center and covered by connective tissue

What is bacteria?

Unicellular prokaryotic organisms without an organized nucleus

Which line of defense is considered a specific line of defense?

3rd line of defense

A sponge is left in a patient after surgery, leading to an infection. Which term would describe what happened?

iatrogenic

Acute pain is….

Sudden or rapid onset

What is NOT an ideal environment for human pathogens to survive?

pH of 9.0

What is edema?

excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment

What is Phantom Pain?

Pain, Itching & tingling where there is no limb left

Sally poked herself with an infected needle and developed hepatitis. Because it originated or came from outside the body it is called an ______ disease.

Exogenous

What is NOT a common cause of dehydration?

Hypervolemia (increased blood volume)

Swelling or edema is caused by the shift of protein and fluid into the interstitial space.

True

What is anorexia?

Lack of appetite

Hyperkalcemia describes which type of electrolyte?

Potassium

What is the function of afferent fiber

conduct pain impulses away from the stimulus

Which of the following are considered to be risk factors for disease?

All of the above

Nonspecific barrier to keep out pathogens

First line of defense

True or False: Intractable pain cannot be controlled with medicine.

True

Which of the following is a sign?

rash and blisters

In normal capillary exchange, carbon dioxide and waste moves out of the cells and into the blood due to___

Osmotic Pressure

Who would have less severe problems due to dehydration?

Teens

What does the acronym “RICE” stand for?

rest, ice, compression, elevation

What is a cause of inflammation?

All answers are correct (Foreign bodies, Allergic reactions,
Ischemia)

What is a sign of edema?

Fluid and swelling of tissues

What is the primary anion of ECF?

Cl⁻

What is the third line of defense?

Unique antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes

Primary anion of ICF

phosphate

Which is NOT a characteristic of chronic pain?

Fast and localized

What is the purpose of experiencing pain?

It is a defense mechanism against injury and warning of a problem

What is leukocytosis?

Increased white blood cells in the blood

What is intracellular fluid

Fluid found inside of the cells

Which of the following is not a morphology of bacteria

Capsules

Which of the following is a lymphocyte

Macrophage

What is the primary CATION of the extracellular fluid?

Sodium

What are electrolytes?

Charged ions in the blood

Which of the following is a
symptom?

Pyrexia (fever)

What is the normal range for bicarbonate (HCO3) ions in blood gases?

22 - 26

What is the normal range for pCO2?

35 - 45

Decrease in bone density and depression of neuromuscular activity are typical symptoms of this electrolyte imbalance…
Hypocalcemia

Hypercalcemia

Which organ is mainly responsible for maintaining concentration (volume and composition) of body fluids within normal range?

Kidney

What are signs of inflammation ?

all of the above

Jill had sharp pain in her muscles that exacerbated (got worse) when walking. She is experiencing _____ pain.

Somatic

For each of the following, match the disease with what type of pathogen causes it.

Thrush (Candida albicans) = fungi (yeast)
Malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) = parasite (protozoa)
Chickenpox (Varicella) = virus
Mad Cow Disease = prion (found in cattle)
Boils (Staphylococcus aureus) = bacteria

What is Systemic Mycosis?

An infection of the entire body

What are the 2 organs that maintain homeostasis of blood pH?

Lungs and kidneys

What is morbidity?

Rate of disease in a population

In the body, if there is the same amount of solutes within the intracellular and extracellular fluids, the osmolarity would be classified as _____

Isotonic

What are Helminths?

Parasites

Match the following

- Transcellular fluids are present in various secretions such as the pericardial (heart) cavity or synovial fluid.
- Intracellular fluids are found inside the cells.
- Interstitial fluid is found between the cells within the tissue.
- Intravascular fluid is blood in the capillaries.

Sal was experiencing severe jaw pain. When he went to the doctor, he was told he was having a heart attack. When pain is perceived at a site distant from the source, what is that called?

Referred pain

Which of the following describes as period of no clinical signs or symptoms of the disease process, also known as the “silent stage”

Latent

What is the best way to break the chain of infection?

Wash your hands