Treaty of Locarno, the Dawes Plan, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact

Flashcards about Treaty of Locarno, the Dawes Plan, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact

What did the Treaty of Locarno guarantee?

Guaranteed boarders between France, Germany and Belgium

What was the purpose of the Dawes Plan?

To restabilize Germany's economy by reworking reparation payments and the U.S. loaning $150 million

What did countries agree to in the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

All countries agreed to renounce war as an instrument of international policy

What are characteristics of fascism?

One glorified leader, state is more important than the individual, obsession with security, attacking the free press

How did Mussolini use Italian middle class fears to make his political movement attractive?

He blamed the problems of Italy on socialism, promised jobs & a bright future to Italians

How many Soviet citizens died because of Josef Stalin’s purges?

At least over 20,000,000

What was a key element of Stalin's Five-Year Plans?

The force collectivization led to a hunger plague which killed millions, especially in Ukraine while many industrial workers died due to dangerous working conditions and realistic production goals

What was the impact of Stalin's Five-Year Plans?

The URRS became an industrial force by the end of the plans

What did Hitler learn from The Beer Hall Putsch?

He could not gain control by overthrowing

How did Hitler use the Reichstag Fire & Decree?

Hitler created a crisis as an excuse to gain emergency powers to work outside the constitution

What did the Enabling Act do?

The German parliament legally granted dictational powers to Hitler

How did Hitler and the Nazis appeal to Germans?

Promised Germany jobs, a bright future, and living space. Many were taken by style of fanaticism, ager, rage He repeated endlessly big lies and simple solutions to complex problems, while scapegoating Jews and Communists, blaming them for causing those problems

What was the most important factor in Hitler's rise to power?

The U.S. stock markets crash causing the Great Depression à Hitler’s manipulation against Germans experiencing extreme financial desperation.

How did Hitler become chancellor?

Hitler & the Nazi party used a combination of propaganda and parliamentary rules to gain seats in Reichstag and paralyze it. This put pressure on President Hindenburg to appoint Hitler Chancellor in order to break this deadlock.

How did Hitler use the Reichstag Fire & Decree?

He went around the German constitution to crack down on socialists, Hitler argued that he needed to extend his powers to further protect Germany.

What does appeasement mean?

The act of giving into unreasonable demands in order to stop an action

Why did Hitler keep pushing until Britain & France declared war?

Hitler didn't believe the British & French would actually fight back. After the Munich agreement, he thought they would continually give in, so he invaded Poland.

What event directly followed the rearming of Germany?

Entered the Rhineland

What event directly followed entering the Rhineland?

Annexed Austria

What event directly followed the Annexation of Austria

Took the Sudetenland

What event directly followed when Germany Took the Sudetenland

Invaded Czechoslovakia

What event directly followed when Germany invaded Czechoslovakia

Invaded Poland

What was the significance of Dunkirk on the British war effort?

Rescue of 300,000 soldiers from the beaches of Dukirk meant Britain would not surrender after their defeat in France

What was the significance of the Battle of Britain on the British war effort?

The failure of Germany to cripple the RAF meant there would be no invasion of Great Britain allowing it to continue to fight.

What was the significance of the Battle of Stalingrad?

Germany lost its elite 6th Army, after it became encircled in the city and the remaining 91,000 soldiers surrenderd. This was as far as Germany advanced, and this major defeat essentially turned momentum toward the Allies

What was the significance of the Battle of Kursk?

Germany exhausted their resources and reserves. Germany's failure in battle crippled its army and it was no longer able to mount large offensives

What best describes the aftermath of fighting on the Eastern Front?

Over 80% of Germany army’s World War II casualties, (10.6 million of Soviet troops died including 5 million axis troops) Occurred on the Eastern Front. As war raged , both sides committed a variety of atrocities. The German invasion of the Soviet Union contributed significantly to the Nazi’s ultimate defeat as the front consumed vast amounts of manpower and material.

What was the largest and most notorious of the Nazi camps?

Auschwitz

What was a purpose of Anti Jewish laws like the Nuremberg Laws?

designed to exclude Jews from public life, stripping German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriages and extramarital sex between Jews and Gentiles.

What was the Nazi's 'Final Solution'?

Nazi’s policy of implementing an mass extermination of the European Jewish population through the use of concentration camps

How many Jews died in the Holocaust?

6 million

What were the reasons Germany lost WWII?

Hitler made multiple blunders & overrode German generals. Hitler declaring war on America brought another world power into the war. Germany’s losses on the Eastern front especially in Stalingrad &Kursk sapped its ability to fight The German army was built around blitzkrieg, but not much else and Germany’s Axis allies weren’t effective fighters

What was an impact of WWII?

Within 10 years the decolonization of Euro empires led to a boom in the # of independent nations worldwide.

What was an impact of WWII?

The Nuclear Age was ushered in & the global balance of power shifted from UK & France to the U.S. as it became established as a world economic & military superpower with a growing rival in the USSR.

What was an impact of WWII?

With their economies & infrastructure destroyed, western European states relied on the U.S. Marshall plan for 13k billion in aid to help rebuild & prevent the spread of USSR’s influence.

What was an impact of WWII?

Eastern European countries occupied by USSR in its advance during Op. Bagration became soviet satellite states.

Why are the WWII conferences of Yalta & Potsdam viewed as events of the Cold War?

At the Yalta distrust between the sides was clear as Joesph Stalin was resentful of the US and UK believing that they delayed the Normandy invasion and Allied invasion of Italy to cause the soviet army to struggle alone against nazi Germany At postdam the allies knew they would defeat the axis and had to decide how the world would carry on after the war, Truman made Stalin aware of the u.s atomic bomb program. It was also at this conference that a deep divide was created between the united states and the soviet union specifically, Truman was incredibly suscipous of Stalin and his intentions and Stalin felt a similar way towards Truman

What best describes the Cold War?

Decades long rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union where the two competed both politically and economically around the globe without ever fighting directly though there were multiple proxy wars. Marked by the Nuclear Arms Race, The space Race and the Cuban missile crisis.

What was a cause of the Cold War?

Tensions between superpowers

What was a cause of the Cold War?

Ideological conflict ( Capitalism v. Communism)

What was a cause of the Cold War?

Spread of Communism

What did Stalin want for Eastern European states after WWII?

Soviet Controlled Communist governments to act as a buffer between him and western Europe, So he opposed free elections.

What did Truman want for Eastern European states after WWII?

Called for free elections which would likely allow pro-westerns democracies to develop in Eastern Europe.

What are threats related to a nuclear holocaust?

The danger wasn’t a surprise attack from either side, but that we would blunder into a nuclear war. In the last 20 years, nations in unpredictable parts of the world have acquired nuclear weapons with poor safeguards on their weapons, increasing the risk dramatically.

What is Mutually Assured Destruction?

Mutually Assured Destruction – the combined 70,000 nuclear weapons developed meant both the U.S. & U.S.S.R knew a nuclear war would result in destruction of populations each country.

What was the purpose of NATO?

Military alliance which members states committed to defending each other in case any was attacked. Designed to keep Russia out, Germany down, and America in Europe.

What was the purpose of the Warsaw Pact?

Military alliance which U.S.S.R & member state declared they would intervene military to defend the communist governments from threats.

Why was the Berlin Wall constructed?

In order to prevent a further “brian drain” the wall was constructed to prevent further escapes.

What led to the Berlin Wall being opened?

The liberalization Of Gorbachev’s policy reforms allowed Hungary to opened its border with Austria. Now, Germans could leave that way. East Germany was forced to announce travel permits would easier to obtain. Thousands of East Berliners went to the border crossing points, forcing the surprised guards to open the gates immediately.

What was Nikita Krushchev known for?

De-stalinization, eased government oppression, debated communisim v. Capitalism with Nixon in the “Kitchen Debate,” attempted to station Soviet Nuclear missiles in Cuba setting off the Cuban Missile crisis.

What was Leonid Brezhnev known for?

More repressive domestically, economic polices led to economic stagnation, developed deternte with U.S. leading to arms reduction treaties, SALT I & SALT II, tensions with President Carter came to a head with the invasion ofo Afghanistan.

What were the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union?

Western Aggression, Nationalism, Aging & Corrupt Politburo, “Guns vs. Butter”, polices and Reforms of Gorbachev

What was the least important reason for the collapse of the Soviet Union?

Gorbachev Policy reform à The unintended impact of these new polices

How did Gorbachev's policy of perestroika unintentionally bring down the Soviet Union?

Aimed to restructure the soviet economy to be more competitive with capitalism & gave more control to local governments. This led to higher prices, inflation & alienation of political allies

How did Gorbachev's policy of glasnost unintentionally bring down the Soviet Union?

Aimed to increase openness & allow citizens to publicly discuss problems without fear of punishment. This led to a wave of dissent against the entire system & satellite states passing reforms on their own.

What were the main causes of decolonization?

Economic force, Postwar Agreements, Independence Movements, International Pressure, Impact of wwII

How did WWII impact the waves of decolonization?

They did it out of fear of strengthen the Soviet hand, as emerging nations might worry about the similar attacks by U.S. allies and seek for the Soviets protection. It goes by sides competing in groups as in Africa and Asia, and U.S. with funds, ensuring the fact that new independent countries would stay weak and at the mercy of super-power aid. It wasn’t a designed to help human suffering nor build a infrastructure, it was morelyy designed to increase dependencies of the way of thinking, the communist way or the capitalist way.

What were the challenges the Cold War created for decolonization?

Both United states and Soviet Union sought to win the support of newly independent countries, of backed protest movements, funded air packages, and provided military to advance their respective goals. Though, local leaders stood in the way, the united states and soviet union carried out assassinations, including Congolese prime minister Patrice Lumumba and Afghan president Hafizullah Amin.

How did newly independent nations view western capitalism?

Little too closely entwined with imperialism, reasons relate to no limitations and deep personal experiences.

Why did some newly independent nations look to communism?

As a model for progress to decouple colonies.

What were the economic challenges former colonies faced in building their nations?

Empires set up their colonies to export a small raw material of cotton, iron and petroleum, though this left a lack of economic diversification for newly independent countries when in demand for primary exports. Without diverse exports or industrial societies, newly independent countries experienced difficultly on keeping up hypercompetitive global economy.

How did this era of decolonization fundamentally reshape the world?

It was the first time people voted, new postcolonial leaders who brought the attention to historically neglect global issues as economic inequality and foreign military intervention.

What is an example of how nations are working to remove all vestiges of colonialism?

Many African countries are replacing colonial-era names, statues, and symbols with ones that reflect indigenous heritage and national identity.

How did Europe (and America) take advantage of some decolonized people migrating to find work?

They would take immigrants as an advantage to work in government and businesses that could cut costs. Europe took immigrants staffed on their lowest levels of welfare, helped Europe rebuild war torn buildings, roads railroads.

What best describes neo-imperialism?

Newl Independent governments needed to borrow money and seek for experience advisors to build elements

What best describes neo-colonialism?

Europeans & U.S. finance and technicians exercised enormous control.

What best summarizes Gandhi's influence on India achieving its independence?

Mahatma Gandhi inspired and led a nonviolent movement that united millions of Indians across religious and social divides, using civil disobedience and peaceful protest to challenge British rule and ultimately pave the way for India’s independence in 1947.