psych 2

What is thinking?

The process of manipulating information to make decisions, form concepts, and reason through situations.

What are mental images & models?

Tools that help visualize and predict how things work, aiding in problem-solving by imagining solutions.

Define concepts in psychology.

Mental representations that categorize and organize information.

What is categorization?

The process of organizing items into groups based on shared properties.

What is a prototype?

A typical example within a category that represents common characteristics.

What is the basic level in the hierarchy of categories?

The common level of categorization that is most easily recognized.

What are subordinate categories?

Specific, detailed classifications within a broader category.

Define superordinate categories.

General categories that encompass a range of related items.

What are the two main factors in decision making?

Utility (value of a choice) and Probability (likelihood of success).

What is the difference between algorithms and mental simulations?

Algorithms are step-by-step solutions, while mental simulations involve imagining the steps to a solution.

What is functional fixedness?

A mental obstacle where an individual believes objects can only be used in one specific way.

Define confirmation bias.

The tendency to seek out information that supports existing beliefs while ignoring contradicting evidence.

What is inductive reasoning?

A reasoning process that moves from specific observations to broader generalizations.

How does deductive reasoning work?

It starts with a general premise and narrows down to a specific conclusion.

What is analogical reasoning?

Understanding new situations by comparing them to familiar ones.

What are phonemes?

Basic sounds that form the building blocks of language.

Define morphemes.

The smallest units of meaning in a language.

What is syntax?

The set of rules that govern the structure of sentences in a language.

What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

The theory that language influences thought and perception.

What is emotional intelligence (EI)?

The ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions effectively.

Who developed the concept of mental age in IQ testing?

Alfred Binet.

What is Spearman's g-factor?

A theory of general intelligence that influences multiple cognitive abilities.

What are Gardner's multiple intelligences?

Various strengths in intellectual capacities, such as kinesthetic, verbal-linguistic, and logical-mathematical.

What do twin studies reveal about intelligence?

They suggest that genetics play a significant role in intelligence, as identical twins raised apart show similar IQs.

How do adoption studies relate to intelligence?

They indicate that IQ correlation is stronger with adoptive parents early on, shifting toward biological parents long-term.

What environmental factors can influence IQ?

Education, nutrition, and socioeconomic status can all impact intellectual development.

What are some strategies for preparing for a DBA?

Review real-world examples, practice explaining concepts aloud, discuss intelligence testing, and think critically about problem-solving.

How does language influence thought?

Language shapes perception and can affect how we understand and interact with the world.