Comparative Vert. Final Mendel

microglia

engulf foreign material and bacteria

graded potential

a wave of electrical excitation proportional to the magnitude of stimulus that triggers it - declines in magnitude

action potential

an all-or-none phenomenon

membrane potential

an electrical potential difference across the membrane

electrical gradient

a concentration difference plus an electrical difference

leak channels

randomly alternate between open and closed positions

ligand-gated channels

open and close in response to binding with a chemical stimulus

mechanically-gated channels

open and close in response to mechanical stimulation such as vibration, touch, pressure, or tissue stretching

voltage-gated channel

opens in response to a change i membrane potential

summation

the process by which graded potentials add together

postsynaptic potential

a graded potential occurs in response to a neurotransmitter

receptor potential

the graded potential occurs in sensory receptors

resting state for an action potential

-70 mV

saltatory conduction

propagation that occurs along myelinated axons

factors that affect the speed of action potential propogation

amount of myelination

axon diameter

temperature

axodendritic synapses

from axon to dendrite

axosomatic synapses

from axon to cell body

axoaxonic synapses

from axon to axon

3 ways of neurotransmitter removal

diffusion

enzymatic degradation

uptake by the cells

small molecule transmitters

acetylcholine

amino acids

biogenic amines

ATP

ADP

AMP

neuropeptides

3-30 amino acids linked together

things ending in “orphins” are large neuropeptides

what does the central nervous system consist of

spinal cord and the brain

three layers of protection in the CNS

skull and hard bony vertebral column

the meninges

subarachnoid space

the mininges

three connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain

layers of the meninges

from superficial to deep

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

dura mater

a thick strong later of dense connective tissue

arachnoid mater

is named for the spider web arrangement of delicate collagen fibers and some elastic fibers

pia mater

a thin, transparent layer that adheres to the spinal cord and brain

subarachnoid space

a space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater that contains shock-absorbing cerebrospinal fluid

the four major parts of the brain

brainstem

cerebellum

diencephalon

cerebrum

brainstem contains the

medulla oblongata

pons

midbrain

medulla oblongata

white matter

contains all sensory and motor tracts that extend between the spinal cord and other parts of the brain

pons

connects parts of the brain together

midbrain

coordinates head, eyes, and body trunk movement in response to stimuli

cerebellum

modifies and monitors, but does not initiate motor output

diencephalon

contains

thalamus

hypothalamus

epithalamus

thalamus

processes sensory information and relays it to the cerebrum

hypothalamus

controls ANS

homeostasis

epithalamus

pineal gland - secretes melatonin

plays part in olfaction

cerebrum

responsible for integration of complex sensory and neural functions, and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body

general senses - somatic senses

tactile

thermal

pain

proprioceptive

special senses

smell

taste

vision

hearing

equilibrium

olfaction

sense of smell

gustation

sense of taste

where are taste buds found

tongue, soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis

basal cells

stem cells produces supporting cells

parts of external ear

pinna

vertical and horizontal canal

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

pinna

visible part of the ear

parts of the middle ear

auditory tube

malleus

incus

stapes

the organ of Corti’s functional parts

hair cells and tectorial membrane

accomodation

the change of shape in the lens

network of intermediate neurons consists of three cell types

bipolar

horizontal

amacrine

retinal is a derivative of

vitamin A

endocrine glands include

pituitary

thyroid

parathyroid

adrenal

pineal

hormone

a molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body

endocrine tissues that secrete steroid hormones all are derived from

mesoderm

anterior pituitary produces

GAPTFL

growth hormone - stimulates growth

adrenocorticotropic hormone - regulates adrenal cortex activities

prolactin - initiates milk secretion

thyroid stimulating hormone - regulates thyroid gland activities

follicle stimulating hormone - gonad regulation

luteinizing hormone - gonad regulation

posterior pituitary holds

oxytocin - stimulates contraction of uterus

antidiuretic hormone - stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys

mineralocorticoids

increases sodium and water

glucocorticoids

help resist stress and serve as anti-flammatory substances

alpha cells

secrete glucogen which increases blood glucose level

beta cells

insulin is secreted and it decreases blood glucose level

sex differentiation

the process by which reproductive organs develop along male ot female lines

partruition

the action of giving birth to young

5 stages of estrous cycle

proestrus

estrus

metestrus

diestrus

anestrus

lactation

the synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk from the mammary glands