PNS FINAL (copy)

What structures are supplied by the visceral system?

1. Secretory glands

2. smooth muscle

3. cardiac muscle

4. visceral organs

Where are preganglionic parasympathetic fibers carried?

CN 3,7,9,10 and sacral nerves 2,3,4

Where are the preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies of oculomotor nerve found?

oculomotor nuclei in the periaqueductal gray

Where do the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers go from the oculomotor nuclei?

follow oculomotor nerve into orbit

synapse in ciliary ganglion

What are postganglionic parasympathetic axons carried with oculomotor nerve?

carried in short ciliary nerves

What two muscles are supplied by postganglionic parasympathetic axons of oculomotor nerve?

1. Ciliary muscle→makes lens convex

2. Sphincter pupillae→constricts pupil

What does the ciliary ganglion contain?

cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetics

What type of fibers does the greater petrosal nerve carry?

POST PARA fibers

What is the pathway of the greater petrosal nerve?

1. leaves facial nerve at geniculate ganglion (no synapse)

2. through hiatus for greater petrosal nerve

3. re-enters petrous part of temporal bone via foramen

4. travels in pterygoid canal to reach pterygopalatine ganglion (synapse here)

What two nerves does the greater petrosal nerve give off?

lacrimal and pterygopalatine nerve

Where does the chorda tympani synapse?

submandibular ganglion

Where are the preganglionic PARA cell bodies of glossopharyngeal nerve at?

in inferior salivary nucleus

After leaving inferior salivary nucleus, what are the PRE PARA fibers carried in?

tympanic nerve

What types of fibers does the lesser petrosal nerve carry?

only PRE PARA fibers

Where does the lesser petrosal nerve synapse?

otic ganglion

What types of fibers are in the otic ganglion?

POST PARA fibers

Where are PRE PARA cell bodies located with vagus nerve?

located in posterior nucleus of the vagus nerve

Where are postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies of vagus nerve located?

1. Myocardium

2. Submucosal plexus

3. Myenteric plexus

Where do PRE PARA fibers carried in superior and inferior cardiac nerve synapse?

cardiac plexus

What do postganglionic parasympathetic fibers supply from the cardiac plexus?

1. SA node

2. Atrioventricular node

3. Atrioventricular bundle

What does an increase in parasympathetic activity cause for the heart?

1. inhibits myocardium

2. constricts coronary vessels

Where do the PRE PARA fibers from anterior and posterior pulmonary branches synapse?

pulmonary plexus

What effect is caused by increases parasympathetic activity in lungs?

1. constricts bronchial tree

2. increases secretions of bronchial glands

Superior 1/3 of esophagus is __

skeletal muscle

What supplies the superior 1/3 of esophagus?

recurrent laryngeal nerve

PRE PARA fibers from the anterior and posterior vagal trunks synapse where?

synapses in wall of stomach

T/F POST PARA fibers carry nociceptors in vermiform appendix

true→pathway to alimentary canal

PRE PARA fibrs are carried in hepatic branch of right vagal trunk in which pathway?

pathways to gallbladder, pancreas, biliary tree

Where do PRE PARA fibers from hepatic branch of right vagal trunk synapse?

muscular walls of gallbladder and biliary tree

T/F Motor supply to the kidneys is strictly sympathetic

truev

Where do PRE PARA fibers arise from in the sacral pathway?

lateral horn cells S2-S4

What types of fibers does pelvic splanchnic nerve carry?

PRE PARA fibers

What types of fibers does sacral splanchnic nerve carry?

PRE SYMPATHETIC fibers

Where does the pelvic splanchnic nerves travel to?

travels to inferior hypogastric plexus

T/F Inferior hypogastric plexus carries both PARA and SYMP fibers

true

How does the external urethral sphincter recieve it’s supply?

PRE PARA fibers to inferior hypogastric plexus

POST PARA fibers reach detrusor muscle

Muscles of uterus are primarily influenced due to hormones

true

T/F Liver and Kidney has no motor supply

true

T/F ALL adjustments affect sympathetic system

true

PRE sympathetic cells release __

Ach

What makes up superior cervical ganglion?

C2/3

Where is the ganglion impar located?

inferior most part of sympathetic trunk

anterior of coccyx

How many ganglia are on each side of sympathetic trunk?

21 or 22

stellate→ 80%

Where is cervical sympathetic trunk located?

between carotid sheath and longus muscles

What is it called when inferior cervical ganglion fuses with T1 ganglion?

stellate→80%

Upper five ganglia send branches to __

thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, esophagus)

Where is the greater splanchnic nerve present and where does it terminate?

T5-T9 or 10 ganglia

terminates in celiac plexus

Where is lesser splanchnic nerve located and where does it terminate?

T9-T10/11 ganglia

terminates in celiac plexus

Where is least splanchnic nerve located and where does it terminate?

T12 ganglion

terminates in renal plexus

Where do the sacral trunks meet?

meet at coccyx to form ganglion impar

Info to head originates __

T1/T2

Info to heart originates __

T1-T4

Info to lungs originates from __

T2-T4→bronchodilate lungs

Info to upper extremities originates from __

T3-T7

fibers to abdominal viscera arise from __

T5-T12 

Fibers to pelvic viscera arise from __

T10-T12

Info influencing lower extremities arise from __

T10-L2

All nerves from sympathetic trunk carry __ fibers

POST SYMP

Where does the anterior branch of inferior cervical ganglion send branches to?

subclavian artery→ continue to axillary and vertebral

Lumbar trunk has __ ganglia

four

Where does superior cervical ganglion send branches to ?

1. inferior ganglion of CN 9

2. Vagus nerve

3. Hypoglossal

What does the lateral internal carotid nerve form?

internal carotid plexus

What type of information does caroticotympanic nerves carry?

postganglionic sympathetic fibers that go to tympanic plexus

What nerve is said to be influened on harvey lillard?

caroticotympanic nerves

Medial internal carotid nerve forms __

cavernous plexus

What ganglia go to the thoracic aorta?

Ganglia 1-5

What branches go to T2-T4 ganglia?

cardiac branches

Pulmonary branches from what ganglia?

T2-T4

bronchial dilation and asthmatics

What type of neurons are present in autonomic plexus?

all neurons present except somatic motor fibers

What is the largest prevertebral plexus?

celiac plexus→ begins at L1

What type of input initiates defecation and micturition?

parasympathetic input

Where is celiac plexus located?

L4 and S1

includes superior hypogastric and inferior mesenteric

What are the retina and pigmented structures derived from?

neuroectoderm of forebrain

What is the lens and cornea derived from?

surface ectoderm

What is sclera derived from?

neural crest mesenchyme

What are the three tunics of eye?

1. Fibrous 

2. Vascular 

3. Nervous

What is the outermost tunic and consists of sclera and cornea?

Fibrous tunic

What is a primary refractory structure?

cornea→ clear and transparent

What is the sclera?

white part of eye

What does the vascular tunic consist of?

1. Choroid 

2. Ciliary body

3. Iris

What is thin with a rich blood supply and is loosely attached to the sclera?

Choroid

What anchors the lens and produces aqueous fluid found in anterior segment?

ciliary body

What is the iris?

colored part of eye

What are the two muscles of the iris?

1. Sphincter pupillae→circumferential fibers (PARASYMPATHETIC)

2. Dilator pupillae→ SYMPATHETIC

What is an outgrowth of the diencephalon?

retina

What is the retina in contact with?

choroid and vitreous body

What are the 10 layers of the retina?

1. Pigmented layer

2. Rod and cones

3. External limiting membrane

4. Outer nuclear layer

5. Outer plexiform layer

6. Inner nuclear layer

7. Inner plexiform layer

8. Ganglion cell layer

9. Nerve fiber layer

10. Internal limiting membrane

What are the 5 neurons in the retina pathway?

1. Photoreceptor

2. Bipolar cell in inner nuclear layer

3. Ganglion cell

4. Lateral geniculate body

5. Brodmann area 17

What part of the retina has no receptors and is the “blind spot”

Optic disc

What is the macula lutea?

fovea centralis→ point of clearest vision with lots of cones and NO RODS

What is a irregularity with cornea called?

Astigmatism

What is a irregularity with aqueous humor called?

glaucoma

What is a irregularity with lens called?

Presbyopia→ cataracts

What type of fluid fills the anterior segment?

aqueous humor

What removes aqueous humor?

scleral venous sinus

What is presbyopia?

lens loses its resilience

What is cataracts?

lens loses transparency

What fills posterior segment, travels through the hyaloid canal and is gelatinous and transparent?

Vitreous body

What is aqueous humor secreted by?

ciliary processes

What is the process of aqueous humor?

goes into posterior chamber→through pupil→into anterior chamber→leaves via sclera venous sinus