Self-Determination Theory, Attribution Theory of Motivation, Theory of Planned Behavior, Attachment Theory, Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Flashcards for vocabulary review of theories and concepts discussed in the lecture.

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

Individuals are active organisms with inherent tendencies towards growth, mastery, and coherence.

Autonomous Motivation

Motivation stemming from internal sources like intrinsic interest and internalized values.

Controlled Motivation

Motivation originating from external pressures or internal compulsions.

Intrinsic Motivation

The inherent drive to engage in activities out of interest and enjoyment.

Competence

The need to feel effective and capable.

Autonomy

The need to experience a sense of choice, volition, and self-endorsement in one's actions.

Relatedness

The need to feel connected to others, to care and be cared for, and to belong.

Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET)

Explains how social-contextual factors impact intrinsic motivation by affecting the basic needs for competence and autonomy and shifting the perceived locus of causality.

Causality Orientations Theory (COT)

Addresses individual differences in general motivational orientations that parallel the state-like concepts of autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and amotivation.

Autonomous Orientation

Characterized by a tendency to interpret cues in an autonomy-supportive/informational way and to be generally autonomous.

Controlled Orientation

Characterized by a tendency to interpret cues as controls/demands and to be generally controlled.

Impersonal/Amotivated Orientation

Characterized by a tendency to interpret cues as indicators of incompetence and to be generally amotivated.

Organismic Integration Theory (OIT)

Details how extrinsic motivation can be internalized and become more autonomous through a continuum of internalization.

External Regulation

Behavior is controlled by external rewards and punishments (least autonomous).

Introjection

Regulations are internalized, but actions are driven by a sense of should to avoid guilt or gain self-approval (partially internalized and controlled).

Identification

The value of a behavior is consciously valued and accepted as one's own (more autonomous).

Integration

Identified regulations are fully assimilated with other values and aspects of the self (most autonomous form of extrinsic motivation, similar to intrinsic).

Autonomy Support

Taking the other's perspective, encouraging exploration, providing choice, and being responsive.

Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT)

Specifically focuses on the well-being effects associated with the satisfaction or thwarting of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Goal Content Theory (GCT)

Examines the impact of different types of life goals on well-being and performance.

Intrinsic Aspirations

Personal growth, affiliation, community; are directly need-satisfying and associated with greater well-being.

Extrinsic Aspirations

Wealth, fame, image; are less directly need-satisfying and often associated with lower well-being and poorer performance.

Attribution Theory of Motivation

Aims to understand the determinants of action and their sequential arrangement based on causal beliefs.

Atkinson's Expectancy-Value Theory

Proposed that in achievement settings, incentive (value) is linked to pride and is inversely related to the expectancy of success.

Rotter's Locus of Control Research

Examined the influence of perceived skill versus luck on expectancies.

Heider's Naïve Psychology

Emphasized common-sense understanding of motivation and proposed that outcomes are ascribed to ability and effort in relation to task difficulty.

Perceived causes of achievement outcomes

Ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck, classified along the dimensions of locus of control and stability.

Intrapersonal Theory

Primarily addresses achievement striving and focuses on how individuals' causal attributions for their own successes and failures influence their subsequent expectations, emotions, and motivated behaviors.

Interpersonal Theory

Focuses on social behaviors such as help-giving, aggression, and reactions to the stigmatized, and how observers' causal attributions for others' outcomes influence their emotional reactions and subsequent behaviors toward those individuals.

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

A prominent reasoned action model for understanding, predicting, and changing human social behavior.

Behavioral Intention

The immediate antecedent of behavior according to the TPB.

Attitude toward the Behavior

An overall positive or negative evaluation of performing the behavior.

Subjective Norm

The perceived social pressure to perform or not perform the behavior.

Injunctive Norms

What others want us to do.

Descriptive Norms

What others are observed doing.

Perceived Behavioral Control

The perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior.

Principle of Compatibility

States that attitudes predict behavior to the extent they are compatible in terms of action, target, context, and time.

Attachment Theory

Explains close relationships and their psychological foundations and consequences.

Attachment Behavioral System

A biologically evolved neural program that motivates individuals to seek proximity to caring and supportive others for safety and survival.

Safe Haven

A place for comfort and support in times of need; one of the key functions of attachment figures.

Source of Proximity

Seeking proximity in stressful situations; one of the key functions of attachment figures.

Secure Base

A place from which to explore the world; one of the key functions of attachment figures.

Hyperactivation

Intensifying proximity-seeking efforts to demand attention and support.

Deactivation

Suppressing attachment needs and avoiding intimacy due to expectations of rejection.

Stereotypes

Beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups.

Prejudice

An attitudinal and affective response (typically negative) toward a group and its individual members.

Discrimination

Negative or harmful behavior directed toward members of a particular group.

Attributional Ambiguity

Difficulty determining if experiences are due to individual merit or prejudice.

Stereotype Threat

The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group.

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

Prejudice and discrimination arise from competition over limited resources.