Exam Study Notes

A major movement that questioned the Catholic Church during the Renaissance period.

Protestant Reformation

A period of renewed interest in classical art, literature, and learning in Europe.

Renaissance

Renaissance thinkers who emphasized human potential and achievement.

Key figures: Michalangelo, Leonardo da Vinci

Humanists

A period of European exploration and colonization of the world

Age of Exploration

A period of major advances in science and mathematics

Scientific Revolution

Developed the heliocentric theory (sun-centered universe) during the scientific revolution

Nicholas Copernicus

An intellectual movement that emphasized reason and individual rights

The Enlightenment

Advocate of natural rights (life, liberty, and property).

John Locke

Promoted the idea of separation of powers in government.

Montesquieu

Early feminist who advocated for women's rights.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Wollstonecraft's influential work on women's equality.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

The development of sovereign states with defined territories and governments.

Decline of feudalism, rise of centralized power, and development of national identity.

Emergence of Nation States

A system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power.

Absolutism

A system of government in which the monarch's power is limited by a constitution.

Constitutional Monarchies

Experienced both absolutism and revolution

France

Developed a constitutional monarchy.

England

A series of revolutions in the Americas and Europe inspired by Enlightenment ideals

Atlantic Revolutions

The revolution in which the 13 American colonies gained independence from Britain.

American Revolution

A revolution in France against the monarchy and aristocracy.

French Revolution

A revolution in Haiti led by enslaved Africans against French colonial rule

Haitian Revolution

Revolutions in Spanish colonies in the Americas that led to independence

Spanish-american revolutions

Author of the Declaration of Independence.

Thomas Jefferson

Document declaring the independence of the American colonies from Britain.

Declaration of Independence

A document of the French Revolution that declared the rights of all citizens.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Leader of the Haitian Revolution.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Spanish-American Revolutions.

Simón Bolívar

A period of major technological and economic change that began in Britain.

Factors include natural resources, capital, and a stable government.

The Industrial Revolution

One of the first industries to be industrialized.

Textile Industry

A machine that revolutionized the textile industry.

Spinning Jenny

Powered factories and transportation.

Steam-powered machines

Authors of The Communist Manifesto.

Marx and Engels

A political pamphlet that laid out the principles of communism.A political pamphlet that laid out the principles of communism.

The Communist Manifesto

A series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies against a fluctuating array of European powers.

Napoleonic Wars

A conference of European powers that aimed to restore order after the Napoleonic Wars

The Congress of Vienna

A political ideology that emphasizes individual rights and limited government.

19th-century political ideologies

Liberalism

Conservatism A political ideology that emphasizes tradition and social order

Conservatism

A political ideology that emphasizes national identity and unity.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes social ownership and control of the means of production

Socialism

A political ideology that advocates for a classless society with common ownership of resources

Communism

A series of revolutions that occurred throughout Europe.

1848 Revolutions

A conference of European powers that divided Africa among themselves

Berlin Conference

The colonization of Africa by European powers

Scramble for Africa

The king of Belgium who colonized the Congo and exploited its resources.

King Leopold of Belgium

The unification of Italy into a single nation.

Italian Unification

The unification of Germany into a single nation.

German Unification

The prime minister of Prussia who led the German unification

Otto Von Bismark

A period of decline and territorial loss for the Ottoman Empire.

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

Conflicts between the Zulu Kingdom and the British Empire

Zulu Wars

A rebellion in India against British rule

Sepoy Rebellion

A rebellion in China led by Hong Xiuquan.

Taiping Rebellion

The leader of the Taiping Rebellion

Hong Xiuquan

The movement to abolish slavery.

Abolition of Slavery

A British law that abolished slavery in the British Empire

British Slavery Abolition Act

A war in the United States over slavery and states' rights.

American Civil War

The movement to gain equal rights for women

Women’s Rights Movement

The first women's rights convention in the United States.

1848 Seneca Falls Convention

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country.

Nationalism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means

Imperialism

A global war fought between 1914 and 1918

The Great War (World War I)

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary * Germany

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the spark that ignited World War I.

Sarajevo, Bosnia * Gavrilo Princeps (know the connections)

The two main sides in World War I

Allied Powers * Central Powers

The treaty that ended World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

An international organization formed after World War I to promote peace

League of Nations

A revolution in Russia that overthrew the Tsarist regime

Bolshevik Revolution (Russian Revolution)

The leader of the Bolshevik Revolution

Vladimir Lenin

The period between World War I and World War II.

Interwar Years

Totalitarian ideologies that emerged during the interwar period

Fascism * Communism

A severe economic downturn that affected the world in the 1930s

Great Depression

The dictator of the Soviet Union.

Joseph Stalin

The forced consolidation of individual farms into collective farms in the Soviet Union.

Collectivization

A man-made famine in Ukraine in the 1930s

Holodomor

The fascist dictator of Italy.

Benito Mussolini/Italy

The Nazi dictator of Germany.

Adolph Hitler/Germany

A policy of giving in to an aggressor to avoid war.

Appeasement

An agreement in which Britain and France appeased Hitler by allowing him to annex part of Czechoslovakia

1938 Munich Agreement