Exam Study Notes

Protestant Reformation

  • A major movement that questioned the Catholic Church during the Renaissance period.

Renaissance

  • A period of renewed interest in classical art, literature, and learning in Europe.

Humanists

  • Renaissance thinkers who emphasized human potential and achievement.

  • Key Figures:

    • Michelangelo
    • Leonardo da Vinci

Age of Exploration

  • A period of European exploration and colonization of the world.

Motivations

  • Search for new trade routes, wealth, and resources.

Prince Henry the Navigator

  • A Portuguese prince who sponsored voyages of exploration.

Portugal and Spain

  • Leading European powers in exploration and colonization.

Christopher Columbus

  • Italian explorer who sailed for Spain and reached the Americas.

Columbian Exchange

  • The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Americas and Europe/Africa.

Scientific Revolution

  • A period of major advances in science and mathematics.

Nicholas Copernicus

  • Developed the heliocentric theory (sun-centered universe).

The Enlightenment

  • An intellectual movement that emphasized reason and individual rights.

John Locke

  • Advocate of natural rights (life, liberty, and property).

Montesquieu

  • Promoted the idea of separation of powers in government.

Mary Wollstonecraft

  • Early feminist who advocated for women's rights.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

  • Wollstonecraft's influential work on women's equality.

Emergence of Nation States

  • The development of sovereign states with defined territories and governments.

Reasons

  • Decline of feudalism, rise of centralized power, and development of national identity.

Absolutism

  • A system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power.

Constitutional Monarchies

  • A system of government in which the monarch's power is limited by a constitution.

France

  • Experienced both absolutism and revolution.

England

  • Developed a constitutional monarchy.

The Atlantic Revolutions

  • A series of revolutions in the Americas and Europe inspired by Enlightenment ideals.

American Revolution

  • The revolution in which the 13 American colonies gained independence from Britain.

French Revolution

  • A revolution in France against the monarchy and aristocracy.

Haitian Revolution

  • A revolution in Haiti led by enslaved Africans against French colonial rule.

Spanish-American Revolutions

  • Revolutions in Spanish colonies in the Americas that led to independence.

Thomas Jefferson

  • Author of the Declaration of Independence.

Declaration of Independence

  • Document declaring the independence of the American colonies from Britain.

”Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen”

  • A document of the French Revolution that declared the rights of all citizens.

Napoleon Bonaparte

  • French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe.

Toussant L’Ouverture

  • Leader of the Haitian Revolution.

Simón Bolívar

  • Leader of the Spanish-American Revolutions.

Industrial Revolution

  • A period of major technological and economic change that began in Britain.

Britain (why there)

  • Factors include natural resources, capital, and a stable government.

Textile Industry

  • One of the first industries to be industrialized.

Spinning Jenny

  • A machine that revolutionized the textile industry.

Steam-powered machines

  • Powered factories and transportation.

Marx and Engels

  • Authors of The Communist Manifesto.

The Communist Manifesto

  • A political pamphlet that laid out the principles of communism.

Napoleonic Wars

  • A series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies against a fluctuating array of European powers.

Congress of Vienna

  • A conference of European powers that aimed to restore order after the Napoleonic Wars.

19th-century political ideologies

Liberalism

  • A political ideology that emphasizes individual rights and limited government.

Conservatism

  • A political ideology that emphasizes tradition and social order.

Nationalism

  • A political ideology that emphasizes national identity and unity.

Socialism

  • A political ideology that emphasizes social ownership and control of the means of production.

Communism

  • A political ideology that advocates for a classless society with common ownership of resources.

1848 Revolutions

  • A series of revolutions that occurred throughout Europe.

Berlin Conference

  • A conference of European powers that divided Africa among themselves.

Scramble for Africa

  • The colonization of Africa by European powers.

King Leopold of Belgium

  • The king of Belgium who colonized the Congo and exploited its resources.

Nation Building and Unification Movements

Italian Unification

  • The unification of Italy into a single nation.

German Unification

  • The unification of Germany into a single nation.

Otto Von Bismark

  • The prime minister of Prussia who led the German unification.

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

  • A period of decline and territorial loss for the Ottoman Empire.

19th Century Global Resistance to Imperialism

Zulu Wars

  • Conflicts between the Zulu Kingdom and the British Empire.

Sepoy Rebellion

  • A rebellion in India against British rule.

Taiping Rebellion

  • A rebellion in China led by Hong Xiuquan.

Hong Xiuquan

  • The leader of the Taiping Rebellion.

19th Century Reform Movements

Abolition of Slavery

  • The movement to abolish slavery.

British Slavery Abolition Act

  • A British law that abolished slavery in the British Empire.

American Civil War

  • A war in the United States over slavery and states' rights.

Women’s Rights Movement

  • The movement to gain equal rights for women.

1848 Seneca Falls Convention

  • The first women's rights convention in the United States.

Nationalism

  • A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country.

Imperialism

  • A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.

The Great War (World War I)

  • A global war fought between 1914 and 1918.

Austria-Hungary * Germany

  • Central Powers.

Sarajevo, Bosnia * Gavrilo Princeps (know the connections)

  • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the spark that ignited World War I.

Allied Powers * Central Powers

  • The two main sides in World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

  • The treaty that ended World War I.

League of Nations

  • An international organization formed after World War I to promote peace.

Bolshevik Revolution (Russian Revolution)

  • A revolution in Russia that overthrew the Tsarist regime.

Vladimir Lenin

  • The leader of the Bolshevik Revolution.

Interwar Years

  • The period between World War I and World War II.

Fascism * Communism

  • Totalitarian ideologies that emerged during the interwar period.

Great Depression

  • A severe economic downturn that affected the world in the 1930s.

Joseph Stalin

  • The dictator of the Soviet Union.

Collectivization

  • The forced consolidation of individual farms into collective farms in the Soviet Union.

Holodomor

  • A man-made famine in Ukraine in the 1930s.

Benito Mussolini/Italy

  • The fascist dictator of Italy.

Adolph Hitler/Germany

  • The Nazi dictator of Germany.

Appeasement

  • A policy of giving in to an aggressor to avoid war.

1938 Munich Agreement

  • An agreement in which Britain and France appeased Hitler by allowing him to annex part of Czechoslovakia.