BIO130 - Chapter 1 Intro

Anatomy

Science of body structures and their relationships

Physiology

Science of body functions

Chemical Level

Smallest level of structural organization, consisting of atoms and molecules

Cellular Level

Structural and functional unit level of an organism

Tissue Level

Groups of cells functioning together

Organ Level

Different types of tissue joined together to perform specific functions

System Level

Related organs with a common function

Organismal Level

Largest level of structural organization; an individual living human

Integumentary System Components

Skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands

Integumentary System Functions

Protects body, regulates temperature, eliminates wastes, makes vitamin D, and detects sensations

Skeletal System Components

Bones, joints, and their associated cartilages

Skeletal System Functions

Supports/protects body, provides muscle attachment areas, aids movement, houses blood cell-producing cells, stores minerals/lipids

Muscular System Components

Skeletal muscles (voluntarily controlled muscles attached to bones)

Muscular System Functions

Participates in body movements, maintains posture, and produces heat

Nervous System Components

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs (eyes, ears)

Nervous System Functions

Generates nerve impulses to regulate body activities, detects changes, interprets changes, and responds via contractions or secretions

Endocrine System Components

Hormone-producing glands (pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes)

Endocrine System Functions

Regulates body activities by releasing chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood

Cardiovascular System Components

Blood, heart, and blood vessels

Cardiovascular System Functions

Heart pumps blood, carries oxygen/nutrients to cells, carries CO2/wastes away, regulates acid-base balance and temperature, defends against disease

Lymphatic System Components

Lymphatic fluid/vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, and B/T cells

Lymphatic System Functions

Returns proteins/fluid to blood, carries lipids from GI tract to blood, contains sites of B/T cell maturation and proliferation

Respiratory System Components

Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes

Respiratory System Functions

Transfers oxygen to blood and CO2 out, regulates acid-base balance, produces sound via vocal cords

Digestive System Components

GI tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus) and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)

Digestive System Functions

Breaks down food physically and chemically, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes

Urinary System Components

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Urinary System Functions

Produces/stores/eliminates urine, eliminates wastes, regulates blood volume/composition, maintains acid-base/mineral balance, regulates RBC production

Reproductive Systems Components

Gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, epididymides, ductus deferens, prostate, penis)

Reproductive Systems Functions

Gonads produce gametes (sperm/oocytes) and hormones; associated organs transport/store gametes; mammary glands produce milk

Metabolism

All chemical processes that occur in the body

Catabolism

Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

Anabolism

Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler units

Responsiveness

Body's ability to detect and respond to internal or external changes

Differentiation

Development of a cell from an unspecialized state (stem cell) to a specialized state

Homeostasis

Maintenance of relatively stable internal body conditions despite changes inside or outside the body

Intracellular Fluid

Fluid contained within body cells

Extracellular Fluid

Fluid located outside body cells

Interstitial Fluid

Extracellular fluid filling the narrow spaces between cells of a tissue

Receptor (Feedback System)

Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center

Control Center (Feedback System)

Structure that evaluates input received from receptors and generates output commands

Effector (Feedback System)

Body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that alters the controlled condition

Negative Feedback System

Reverses a change in a controlled condition to restore homeostasis (e.g., blood pressure regulation)

Positive Feedback System

Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition until interrupted by an external mechanism (e.g., labor contractions)

Symptom

Subjective change in body function experienced by a patient that cannot be measured objectively (e.g., headache)

Sign

Objective, observable, and measurable change in body function (e.g., fever, rash)

Anatomical Position

Standard reference position: body erect, facing forward, head level, feet flat and forward, arms at sides with palms forward

Prone Position

Body lying face down

Supine Position

Body lying face up

Midsagittal Plane

Vertical plane passing through the midline that divides the body or organ into equal right and left sides

Parasagittal Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body or organ into unequal right and left sides

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Plane dividing the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Transverse Plane

Plane dividing the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

Oblique Plane

Plane passing through the body or organ at an angle between transverse and sagittal or frontal planes

Parietal Serous Membrane

Thin epithelium lining the walls of body cavities

Visceral Serous Membrane

Thin epithelium covering and adhering to organs within body cavities

Pleura

Serous membrane of the thoracic cavity covering the lungs (visceral) and lining the chest wall (parietal)

Pericardium

Serous membrane covering the heart (visceral) and lining the heart cavity (parietal)

Peritoneum

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity covering abdominal organs and lining the abdominal wall

Retroperitoneal

Organs located posterior to the parietal peritoneum (e.g., kidneys)