Cumulative Final Contents

BISC3110

essential nutrient

• has specific biological function

• absence from the diet leads to decline in biological function

• adding missing substance back to diet before permanent damage restores normal biological function

energy-yielding nutrients

• nutrients that provide energy upon digestion

• Ex.

  • carbs

  • lipids

  • proteins

  • alcohols

non-energy yielding nutrients

• nutrients that do not provide energy upon digestion

• Ex.

  • minerals

  • vitamins

kcal/g for carbohydrates

4 kcal

kcal/g for fats

9 kcal

kcal/g for proteins

4 kcal

kcal/g for alcohol

7 kcal

how is a registered dietician different from a nutritionist or anyone with a nutrition related title

• RD - professional with scientific credentials

• nutritionist - not a legal title; anyone can use it

recommended dietary allowances (RDA)

• daily nutrient intake amounts that meet the needs of nearly all individuals (97.5%)

• prevent acute symptoms of deficiency and promote long term health

adequate intake (AI)

• used when there is insufficient research to establish average requirements and an RDA

upper levels (UL)

• conservative standard » only 2-3% will experience symptoms of toxicity at these amounts

• applies to chronic daily use

• not a nutrient goal, but a maximum ceiling for intake

what claims are allowed on food labels?

1. Nutrient content claims - legally defined claims about nutrient content per serving compared to a reference food

   • ex. reduced fat

2. Health claims - describes a relationship between a disease and a nutrient, food or food constituent; use might/may qualifier

   • ex. whole grains may prevent CVD

3. Structure function claim - describes effect of a nutrient on body structure or function without referring to a specific disease

   • ex. “now supports your child’s immunity”

reduced fat/reduced sugar claim

at least 25% less per serving than reference food

food security

consistent access to nutritious safe foods

organic food standards

• biological pest management

• natural fertilizer (compost/manure)

• crop rotation

Not permitted:

• synthetic pesticides and fertilizers (copper sulfate allowed)

• hormones and antibiotics

• sewage sludge

• genetic engineering

• irradiation

gastrin

• secreted by G cells in duodenum and stomach

• promotes increased stomach motility, acid and enzyme production

cholecystokinin (CCK)

• secreted in the duodenum and stomach

• accelerates pancreatic production and secretion of digestive enzymes

• relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter and gallbladder ejecting bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum

4 layers of the GI tract

1. mucosa

2. submucosa

3. muscle

4. serosa