STS - WEEK 1

Inca Empire(c. 1438–1533CE)

Extensive road systems spanning thousands of kilometers.

Maya Civilization(c.2000 BCE–1500s

CE)

Mathematics, including the independent use of zero.

Aztec Empire(c. 1325–1521CE)

Astronomy and calendar systems adapted from earlier

Mesoamerican cultures.

Heliocentric Theory

states that the Sun is at the

center of the Solar System, and the Earth

and the othe rplanets revolve around it.

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium

a book by Copernicus presenting mathematical

mode lof the heavens in which the Earth is a

planet that moves around the Sun.

Theory of Evolution

Species change over time

because individuals with traits better suited to

their environment are more likely to survive and

reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring.

The Origin of Species

by Charles Darwin argues tha tall

species evolve from common ancestors through natural

selection,a gradual process in which advantageous

inherited traits become more common over generations,

eventually leading to the formation of new species.

psychoanalysis

Its central idea is that

much of human thought, emotion, and

behavior is influenced by unconscious

desires, memories,, and conflicts that lie

outside conscious aawwaarre’..

Inca Empire(c. 1438–1533CE)

Remarkable stone architecture, including Machu Picchu.

Maya Civilization (c.2000 BCE–1500s

CE)

located at Southern Mexico,

Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras,

and El Salvador.

Inca Empire(c. 1438–1533CE)

Location: Along the Andes Mountains inpresent-day Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia,Chile, Argentina, and Colombia.

Capital:Cusco.

Aztec Empire (c. 1325–1521CE)

Location:Central Mexico.

Capital:Tenochtitlan(present-day Mexico

City).

Ancient India's MajorContributions

Mathematics: Developedthedecimal (base-10)

numeral system, including theconcept of zero as

a number, which became the foundation of

modern mathematics.

Inca Empire(c. 1438–1533CE)

Terrace farming and irrigation.

Astronomy

Aryabhata proposed that

the Earth rotates on its axis and

accurately estimated length the

year.

Maya Civilization(c.2000 BCE–1500s

CE)

Sophisticated writing system (hieroglyphs).

Medicine

Sushruta wrote the Sushruta

Samhita, describing hundreds of surgical

procedures and instruments.Charaka

compiled the Charaka Samhita, a foundational

text of medicine.

Inca Empire(c. 1438–1533CE)

The quipu,a system of knotted cords used to record

numerical information.

Maya Civilization(c.2000 BCE–1500s

CE)

Monumental cities such as Chichén Itzá and Tikal.

Metallurgy

Produced high-quality steel

(often called wootz steel)and created

the corrosion-resistant Iron Pillar of

Delhi.

Maya Civilization(c.2000 BCE–1500s

CE)

Advanced astronomy and highly accurate calendars.

Aztec Empire(c. 1325–1521CE)

Large, well-planned cities.

Aztec Empire(c. 1325–1521CE)

Advanced farming using chinampas (floatinggardens).

Inca Empire(c. 1438–1533CE)

Scientific contribution :They excelled in civil

engineering, agriculture adapted to

mountainous terrain,andpractical medicine,

including some forms of surgery.

Maya Civilization(c.2000 BCE–1500s

CE)

Scientific contributions:They carefully observed

the movements of the Sun, Moon,Venus,and

stars to create precise calendars used for

agriculture and religious ceremonies.

Aztec Empire(c. 1325–1521CE)

Scientific contributions:They developed effective

agricultural techniques,engineering works such

asaqueducts and causeways, and maintained

detailed records of time and seasons.