A&P chapter 20

______ carry blood away from the heart.

Arteries.

The narrowest type of vessel in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems that engages in fluid exchanges with surrounding tissues is called ______.

Capillary

The movement of carbon dioxied from the tissue into the capillary blood occures via ____.

diffusion

Capillaries are organized into networks called;

capillary beds.

Postcapillary _____ are the smallest of the veins.

venules

List the principal regions of the aorta in the order of blood flow from the heart:

ascending aorta

aortic arch

descending aorta

thoracic aorta

abdominal aorta

A small vessel that empties into a capillary:

arteriole

WHich of the following are examples of sensory structures located inside arterial walls?

Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors

List the following vessels in order of those that contain the highest blood pressure to those that contain the lowest blood pressure:

Aorta, systemic artery, capillary, venule, systemic vein, superior vena cana

WHich three pairs of veins drain the majority of blood from the head and neck?

External jugular, vertebral vein, internal jugular.

molecules spontaneously move down their concentration gradient during:

diffusion

Regarding vessel diameter, widespread ______ raises the blood pressure, while widespread _____ lowers it.

vasoconstriction, vasodialation.

postcapillary venules are the smallest type of:

vein

_____ venules receive blood from the postcapillary venules.

muscular

Which of the following can easily diffuse through the plasma membrain?

Steroid hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide

Rank the arteries of the upper limb from proximal to distal:

axillary artery, brachial artery, radial artery, deep palmar arch

The outermost layer of the blood vessel is the tunica ____.

externa

Changes in the diameter of a blood vessel are collectively known as:

vasoreflexes/vasomotion

The physiological functions of vasoreflexes are to:

Regulate blood pressure, modify perfusion to an organ or tissue.

______ blood pressure is the arterial blood pressure attained during ventricular relaxation.

diastolic

List the arteries in order as they descend and supply blood to the lower limb:

External iliac artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, anterior tibial artery, dorsal pedal artery.

Chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood often include.

amico acids, oxygen, glucose, hormones.

Molecules spontaneously move down their concentration gradient during:

diffusion

____ _____ is defined as the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall.

blood pressure

THree basic types of blood vessels are.

arteries, veins, capillaries

the smallest type of blood vessels are called:

capillaries

____ are the afferent vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

veins

Describe the flow of a blood cell throught the pulmonary circuit from the right ventricle.

Pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lobar arteries, alveolar capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium.

The nucleous in the medulla oblongata that transmits efferent signals to the blood vessels and regulates vasomotion is known as the ____ center.

vasomotor

the function of sensory receptors located in major arteries is to:

Monitor blood chemistry, monitor blood pressure.

the physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface such as a capillary wall is called ____ pressure.

blood

Hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane during:

filtation

the effects of a stroke or cerebrovascular accident can include:

Blindness, paralysis, loss of sensation, loss of speech

vasodilation occurs due to ____ of the tunica media and the outward pressure of the blood exerted against the wall.

relaxation

vasoconstriction primarily results from contraction of the tunica _____.

media

peripheral resistence _____ the flow of blood.

impedes

degenerative changes of the blood vessels characterized by the presence of atheromas and often leading to calcification of the vessel wall is know as___.

atherosclerosis.

List the branches of the aortic arch from the nearest to the heart to the furthest.

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian

the physical principles of blood flow are describing:

hemodynamics

shortly after leaving the aortic arch, the brachicephalic trunk branches into the

right subclavian artery & right common carotid artery

an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood is known as ___.

hypercapnia.

name the hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands and bind to alpha-adrenergic receptors on smooth muscles of most blood vessels.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion of angiogenesis is known as ____.

autoregulation

diastolic pressure is the minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during:

ventricular relaxation

a ____ is an autonomic negative feedback response to changes in blood pressure.

baroreflex

which of these best describes the flow of blood through the pulmonary curcuit?

Pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lobar afteries, alveolar capillaries, pulmonary veins

transient ischemic attacks are characterized by:

Temorary paralysis, temporary weakness, temporary dizziness, headache, temporary loss of vision.

list the following vessels in order of those that contain the highest blood pressure to those that contain the lowest blood pressure:

aorta, systemic artery, capillary, venule, systemic vein, superior vena cava

the growth of new blood vessels is called.

angiogenesis

all of these will easily diffuse the plasma membrane except.

glucose

low blood pressure in known as ___.

hypotension

The salt retaining hormone ___ primarily promotes sodium retention by the kidneys.

aldosterone

_____ pressure is the minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during the ventricular relaxation between heartbeats.

diastolic

The vasomotor center regulates.

vasomotion

a deficiency of oxygen in any tissue is known as ____.

hypoxia

Venous return refers to the flow of blood back to the:

heart

Identify arteries of the upper limb.

radial artery, brachial artery, deep palmer arch, axillary artery.

The primary purpose of the ____ circuit is for the blood to realease carbon dioxied and pick up oxygen.

pulmonary

True of false: lipid-soluble substances diffuse easily through the plasma membrane, while lipid-insoluble substances must use channel proteins.

true

*Lipid insoluble substance cannot directly pass through the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and are thus transported via protein carriers.

____ is a process in which endothelial cells pick up material on one side of plasma membrane by pinocytosis of receptor-mediated endocytosis, transport the vesicles arcross the cell, and discharge the material on the other side by exocytosis.

Transcytosis

_____ venules reveive blood from capillaries.

Postcapillary

True or fasle: arterial blood in the pulmonary circuit is less exygenated than the venous blood in the pulmonary circuit.

true

An anatomical convergence where two blood vessels merge and combine their bloodstreams is known as ____>

anastomosis

A patient with a blood pressure reading of 150/95 has:

Hypertension

Lipid- ______ substances diffuse easily through the plasma membrane, while lipid- _____ substances must use channel proteins.

soluble; insoluble

______ is the accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue.

edema

Name the mechanism that describes the ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis.

autoregulation

systolic pressure is the arterial blood pressure attained during:

ventricular contraction

Hypotension is characterized by ____ blood pressure

low

Blood pressure is determined by which three variables?

Cardiac output, blood volume, resistance to flow.

blood flow would be slowest in which of these blood vessels?

capillary

Regardinge vessel diameter, widespread ____ raises the blood pressure, while widespread ______ lowers it.

vasoconstriction, vasodilation

the primary purpose of the _____ circuit is for the blood to release carbon dioxied and absorb atmospheric oxygen.

pulmonary

The common iliac arteries supply blood to the:

lower limbs, pelvic wall

Identify the three primary branches of the celiac trunk:

Left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, splenic artery.

The _____ circuit supplies oxygen and nutrients to all organs and removes their metabolic wastes.

systemic

Which of these arteries, that branch from the thoracic aorta, directly supply blood to the muscles, bones, and skin of the chest wall?

posterior intercostal arteries, subcostal arteries, superior phrenic arteries.

Hemodynamics are based mainly on:

pressure and resistance

a collateral route of blood supplied to a tissue is called

anastomosis

rank the types of veins from smallest to largest.

Postcapillary venules

muscular venules

medium veins

venous sinuses

large veins.

Which mechanism of transport likely accounts for the smallest fraction of solute exchange across the capillary wall?

transcytosis

The most significant factors which influence blood viscosity are.

erythrocyte count, albumin concentration

edema is the accumulaton of axcess ____ in a tissue

fluid

a _____ is the sudden death of brain tissue caused by ischemia.

stroke

transient ischemic attacks are characterized by:

Temporary weakness, temporary loss of vision, headache, temporary dizzines, temporary paralysis.

The longest vein in the body is the _____ ____ vein.

great saphenous

All of the following are arterial pressure points that are easily palpated except.

Common iliac artery

all forms of circulatory shock fall iiinto two categories:

Low venous return shock, cardiogenic shock

the smallest resistance arteries are called_____.

arterioles

portal systems occur in which of the following?

kidneys, between the intestines and liver, between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

arterial _____ provide collateral routes of blood supply to a tissue.

anastomoses

the flow per given volume of mass of tissue is known as _____.

perfusion.

Name the vein that is formed by the union of the brachial and basilic veins.

axillary vein

The interosseous arteries of the forearm are located between the bones called the radius and the ulna.

radius, ulna

True or false: the hepatic portal system allows blood to flow from the gastrointestinal organs to the liver before returning to the heart.

true

the thorax receives blood from several arteries which arise directly from the

aorta

common causes of hypovolemic shock.

burns, bleeding ulcers, dehydration, hemorrhage.

True of false: the brain regulates its own blood flow in response to changes in blood pressure and chemistry.

true

vasodilation occurs due to _____ of the tunica media and the outward pressure of the blood exerted against the wall.

relaxation

_____ arteries are the largest type.

conducting