Medical Microbiology UCB Exam 1

leewunhooke

who invented the microscope?

bacteria and archea

what kingdoms fall under prokaryotes

bacteria has peptoglycan

what is the difference between bacteria and archea

molds

eukaryotic, multicellular, grow as long filaments and reproduce by sexual and asexual spores

yeasts

unicellular, eukaryotes obtains food from other organisms and has a cell wall. reproduces by budding or sexual spores

protozoa

single celled eukaryotes, similar to animals in nutrient needs,

can live in water or in hosts. most are asexual and can also have sexual reproduction. and most are capable of locomotion

pseudopodia

extensions of a cell that flow in the direction of travel allows locomotion and feeding

cilia

what are numerous short hairlike protrusions of a cell that beat rhythmiclryto propel a protozoan through its environment

algae

uni or multicellular eukaryotes, photosynthetic, categorized on the basis of pigmentation, storage products and composition of cell walls

diatoms

what algae is used in polishes becuase of its glass cell wall

franscesco redi

who did the experiment that disproved aristotle's belief spontaneous generation by disproving maggots come from dead meat.

john needham

who reinforced the idea that microbes not animals could spontaneously generate.

boiled gravy with plant extract, corked, and solution soon became cloudy with microbes

how did john needham do his emperiment

lazzaro spallanzani

what scientist discovered heating is needed to kill microbes, microbes exist in air and can contaminate experiments, and spontaneous generation does not occur

Louis pasteur

what scientist used the swan necked bottle to disprove abiogenesis

pasteur

who developped the germ theory of disease?

koch

who created the infective disease postulates

anthrax

what was the first disease proven to be caused by bacterium

koch

who invented teh first staining technique?

steam

what did koch use to sterilize his petri dishes

koch

who determined bacteria were a distinct species

kochs postulates

Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts

Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host

When agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease

Same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host

gram stain

what is the most popular stain used in labs today

purple

what color are gram positive bacteria

pink

what color are gram negative

ignaz semmelweis

what scientist deduced handwashing prevents transmission of peurperal fever

joseph lister

who becan using carbolic acid as an antiseptic

florence nightingale

who introduced anticeptic techniques into nursing practice?

john snow

who created infection control and the study of epidemiology

edward jenner

who created the first vaccine by injecting cowpox into a child, then smallpox

paul ehrlich

who began the feild of chemotherapy with "magic bullets"- chemicals that destroy pathogens but remain nontoxic to humans

cilia

shorter and more numerous that flagella

coordinated beating propels cells through their environment

also sweep things away from the cells

9+2

what is the arrangement of mictotubules in flagella and cilia

specifically in the shaft

9+0

what is the arrangement of microtubules in flagella and cilia in the basal body

80s

what is the size of a eukaryote ribosome

tubulin

what subcomponents make up microtubules

actin

what subcomponents make up microfilaments

catabolism

braking larger molecules into smaller ones

peritrichous

what word is used to describe a cell with a flagella

glycocallyx

gelatinous sticky substances on the outside of the cell

are used in cell identification

are featureed on the cell walls of numerous bacteria

capsule

what kind of glycocalyx is composed of repeating units of organic chemicals

firmly attached to the cell surface

and may prevent the bacteria from being detected by the host cell

slime layer

what kind of glycocalyx is loosely attached to the cell surface ,

is water soluble

and allows prokaryotes to stick to other cells?

recognition, hydration, anchoring, strengthening and communication

what are all of the things glycocalyxes do fro teh cell

bacteria

what types of cells are flagella not present in (kingdom

micrometer

what measure is useful in measuring the size of teh entire cell

nanometer

what measure is useful in measuring organelles ina cell

1/ 1 billion meters

what is the numerical of a nanometer

1/ one million

waht is the numerical of micrometers

magnification

what is the apparent increase in the size of an object

staining

what is used to increase contrast under the microscope

gram stain

what is a common example of a differential stain

gram stain

what stain works well because bacterial differences in the cell wall

purple

what color do gram positive stains turn

pink

what color do gram negative cells turn

endospore

A small, rounded, thick-walled, resting cell that forms inside a bacterial cell

Bacillus anthracis

what was the first bacteria identified as a pathogen and causes anthrax

division

what word is used instead of phylum for mycology and botany

specific

phages are very ______ for bacteria

A

1. Cellular organelles and viruses are generally measured in

A) nanometers.

B) millimeters.

C) micrometers.

D) centimeters.

E) decimeters.

B

2. The ability of a lens to gather light is referred to as its

A) resolution.

B) numerical aperture.

C) refraction.

D) contrast.

E) magnification.

B

3. The microscope preferred for viewing living specimens is the ________ microscope.

A) bright-field

B) phase-contrast

C) scanning electron

D) scanning tunneling

E) transmission electron

D

4. All of the following are types of light microscopes EXCEPT

A) fluorescent.

B) confocal.

C) phase-contrast.

D) scanning tunneling.

E) bright-field.

B

5. Which of the following classification methods relies on the morphology of organisms?

A) phage typing

B) physical characteristics

C) biochemical tests

D) analysis of nucleic acids

E) serological tests

B

6. The Gram stain works because of differences in the ________ of bacteria.

A) genetic characteristics

B) cell walls

C) cell membranes

D) antigens

E) capsules

C

7. Bacterial cells are usually a few ________ in size.

A) centimeters (cm)

B) millimeters (mm)

C) micrometers (µm)

D) nanometers (nm)

E) meters (m)

E

8. Which of the following is (are) (a) magnifying lens(es)?

A) objective

B) ocular

C) condenser

D) dark-field stop

E) both the objective and the ocular

A

9. If you were trying to visualize flagella without staining, which microscope would you use?

A) phase-contrast

B) dark-field

C) fluorescent

D) confocal

E) bright-field

C

10. Which of the following is NOT associated with an electron microscope?

A) an electron beam

B) magnetic fields

C) a prism

D) a fluorescent screen

E) a vacuum

D

11. The kingdoms included in the Linnaeus system are

A) Animalia and Prokaryotae.

B) Protista and Plantae.

C) Fungi and Protista.

D) Animalia and Plantae.

E) Prokaryotae and Protista.

B

12. The rules of naming organisms are called

A) taxonomy.

B) nomenclature.

C) classification.

D) binomials.

E) identification.

A

13. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a genus name?

A) It is usually an adjective.

B) It is written before the specific epithet.

C) It is always capitalized.

D) It is either underlined or in italics.

E) It is one of two names used to identify an organism.

C

14. What type of tests distinguish microbes based on antigen-antibody reactions?

A) physical characteristics

B) biochemical tests

C) serological tests

D) phage typing

E) analysis of nucleic acids

E

15. Which category of microbe is NOT included in the taxonomic scheme of Carl Woese?

A) animals

B) bacteria

C) fungi

D) protista

E) viruses

B

16. Which of the following phenomena produces magnification?

A) the wavelength of a radiation source

B) the refraction of radiation as it passes through a lens

C) the thickness of a microscopic specimen

D) the numerical aperture of a lens

E) the length of an objective lens

D

17. The dimensions of a virus are usually described in

A) meters (m).

B) millimeters (mm).

C) micrometers (µm).

D) nanometers (nm).

E) centimeters (cm).

C

18. Which of the following taxonomic categories is the most broad?

A) genus

B) species

C) phylum

D) family

E) class

D

19. Which of the following is the correct binomial for a species?

A) Escherichia coli

B) Coli

C) Escherichia Coli

D) Escherichia coli

E) coli

A

20. What is the basis for assigning organisms into domains?

A) ribosomal nucleotide sequences of rRNA

B) DNA

C) presence or absence of flagella

D) method of reproduction

E) presence or absence of cell wall

A

21. When performing phage typing, how would one know whether the bacterium is killed by any of the bacteriophages?

A) by the formation of a plaque

B) by the growth of viral colonies

C) if the bacteria change color

D) if the medium changes color

E) by the agglutination of the antigen

C

22. What is one way in which microbiologists can distinguish between different bacteria that are similar in morphology and staining characteristics?

A) the agar test

B) There is no way to distinguish between them.

C) biochemical testing

D) Gram stain

E) flagellar stain

C

23. What do you call a microscope's ability to distinguish between two objects that are close together?

A) wavelength

B) contrast

C) resolution

D) refraction

E) magnification

a

24. What type of microscopy is most common in microbiology laboratories?

A) bright-field

B) differential interference contrast

C) fluorescent

D) phase-contrast

E) dark-field

C

25. What is an advantage of using dark-field microscopy instead of bright-field?

A) You can magnify and see viruses.

B) The light source does not have to be as intense.

C) The contrast is better and allows better visualization of details.

D) Examination of living specimens is possible.

E) There is no advantage.

E

26. What type of light microscope increases the contrast to such an extent that the image of the specimen appears three-dimensional?

A) bright-field

B) dark-field

C) phase-contrast

D) oil immersion bright-field

E) differential interference contrast

E

28. Differential staining can be used for which of the following?

A) to differentiate types of cells

B) to differentiate structures within cells

C) to detect the presence of certain chemicals in cells

D) to detect endospores within cells

E) all of the above

C

29. Why are some bacteria, such as those of the genera Mycobacteria and Nocardia, NOT effectively stained with the Gram stain?

A) They are very pathogenic bacteria.

B) They are effectively stained with the Gram stain.

C) They have large amounts of waxy lipid in their cell walls.

D) They have too much peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

E) They have capsules that prevent effective staining with the Gram stain.

E

30. With regards to microscopy, contrast is best described as

A) the ability to distinguish between two objects that are close together.

B) the difference in apparent size of an image and the object.

C) the difference between the curvature of two different lenses.

D) the difference between the thickness of two different lenses.

E) the difference in intensity between an object and its background.

A

31. Negative stains are also called

A) capsule stains.

B) endospore stains.

C) simple stains.

D) acid-fast stains.

E) flagellar stains.

E

32. Which of the following is NOT one of the five taxonomic kingdoms?

A) Animalia

B) Plantae

C) Protista

D) Prokaryotae

E) Eukaryotae

B

33. Which taxonomic category is called a division in botany and mycology?

A) kingdom

B) phylum

C) class

D) order

E) family

A

34. A virologist wants to observe the surface features of virus particles she is studying. Which of the following microscopes would NOT be useful for her observations?

A) differential interference contrast

B) scanning tunneling

C) scanning electron

D) transmission electron

E) atomic force

B

35. What type of microscopy is best for observing pale objects?

A) simple Bright-field

B) dark-field

C) phase-contrast

D) compound bright-field

E) differential interference contrast

D

36. What type of microscopy uses UV lasers to illuminate fluorescent chemical dyes in specimens?

A) dark-field

B) phase contrast

C) fluorescent

D) confocal

E) transmission electron

peritrious

word used to describe a cell with a flagella

fimbrae

Sticky, bristlelike projections

Used by bacteria to adhere to one another, to hosts, and to substances in environment

Shorter than flagella

Serve an important function in biofilms

pili

Special type of fimbria

Longer than other fimbriae but shorter than flagella

Bacteria typically have only one or two per cell

Mediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another (conjugation)

gram-positive cell wall

Relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan

Contain unique polyalcohols called teichoic acids

Appear purple following Gram staining procedure

Up to 60% mycolic acid in acid-fast bacteria helps cells survive desiccation

gram-negative cell wall

Have only a thin layer of peptidoglycan.

Outer membrane: Bilayer membrane outside the peptidoglycan contains phospholipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

May be impediment to the treatment of disease.

Appear pink following Gram staining procedure.

hypertonic

when teh solution has more solutes than the cell it is called

hypotonic

what is it called when the solution has less solute that the interior of the cell