Microbiology: Bacteria

INCOMPLETE

gram (+)

Cell wall

(+) teichoic acid

gram (-)

Cell wall

Outer layer (+) porins

antigenicity

Cell wall

teichoic acid contributes to

gram (+)

Cell wall

thick layer of peptidoglycan = AA + disaccharide in cross-linked appearance

transpeptidase

Cell wall

enzyme responsible for cross-linking gram (+) peptidoglycan

beta lactam antibiotics

Cell wall

MOA inhibits transpeptidase

antibiotic resistance

Cell wall

outer membrane of Gram (-) contributes to

gram (-)

Cell wall

outer membrane is composed of lipopolysaccharides

OPA

Somatic O antigen

Core Polysaccharide

Lipid A 

Cell wall

components of gram (-) outer membrane

entodoxin

Lipid A aka

endotoxin

All gram (-) bacteria have

gram (-)

Cell wall

Periplasmic space with (+) lysozymes is exclusive to

Gram (-)

Cell wall

Thin layer of peptidoglycan

1 layer (PACOP)

Gram (-) have ___ layer/s of peptidoglycan

invasiveness, toxigenicity

VIRULENCE FACTOR

2 determinants of virulence

flagella

VIRULENCE FACTOR

forward locomotion

flagella

VIRULENCE FACTOR

e.g. chemotaxis

flagellaH

VIRULENCE FACTOR

contains H antigen

atrichous

VIRULENCE FACTOR: type of flagella

Shigella dysenteriae

atrichous

VIRULENCE FACTOR: type of flagella

no flagella, non motile

monotrichous

VIRULENCE FACTOR: type of flagella

1 flagella

monotrichous

VIRULENCE FACTOR: type of flagella

Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae

VIRULENCE FACTOR: type of flagella

comma shaped

Lophotrichous

VIRULENCE FACTOR: type of flagella

Helicobacter pylori

Lophotrichous

VIRULENCE FACTOR: type of flagella

>1 flagella on 1 side

Helicobacter pylori

VIRULENCE FACTOR: type of flagella

#1 cause of PUD

Amphitrichous

VIRULENCE FACTOR: type of flagella

one flagellum at each end

Amphitricous

VIRULENCE FACTOR: type of flagella

Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter jejuni

VIRULENCE FACTOR: type of flagella

gull-wing shaped

peritrichous

VIRULENCE FACTOR: type of flagella

has flagella all over

peritrichous

VIRULENCE FACTOR: type of flagella

E. coli

Pili: longer, less in number

Fimbriae: shorter, more in number

VIRULENCE FACTOR

Differentiate pili and fimbriae based on lenghth and number

sex pili

VIRULENCE FACTOR

pili for conjugation

adhesive pili

VIRULENCE FACTOR

pili for attachment

P fimbrae

VIRULENCE FACTOR

hair-like appendages on the surface of certain bacteria that play significant role in attaching to urinary tract

P fimbrae

VIRULENCE FACTOR

E. coli can attach to UT bc of

capsule

VIRULENCE FACTOR

firmly attached and organized (unlike slime layer)

B. anthracis (D-glutamic acid)

VIRULENCE FACTOR

all capsules are made of polysaccharide except

capsule (Kapsule)

VIRULENCE FACTOR

contains K antigen

phagocytosis (phaKocytosis)

VIRULENCE FACTOR

K antigen prevents ______

Quellung reaction

VIRULENCE FACTOR

Test for capsule

VIRULENCE FACTOR

basis of quellung reaction

Opsonization of capsule due to Ab —> swelling

KHENSule

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

E. coli

Neisseria spp.

Streptococcus pneumonia

Bacteria with capsules

Calcium dipicolinate

VIRULENCE FACTOR

spores contain

spores

VIRULENCE FACTOR

highly resistant 

BC

Bacillus

Clostridium

VIRULENCE FACTOR

bacteria with spores

vegetative form

bacterial form in germination (better condition)

spore

bacterial form in sporulation (worsened condition)

vaccine (purified capsule)

clilical use of capsule

Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PCP)

• from isolation of capsular polysaccharide

vaccine from purified capsule

Listeria spp (Gram +)

Lipid A is found in Gram (-) except in

Exotoxin

VIRULENCE FACTOR

e.g. cytotoxin, neurotoxin, enterotoxin

A: activity

B: binding

VIRULENCE FACTOR

2 regions of Exotoxin

exotoxin

VIRULENCE FACTOR

source of toxiod

endotoxin

VIRULENCE FACTOR

contributes to development of septic shock

Norepinephrine

1st line inotropic agent in septic shock

plasmid

BACTERIAL GENETICS

extrachromosomal DNA

F plasmid (fertile)

BACTERIAL GENETICS

plasmid that can form sex pili

R plasmid (reisistant)

BACTERIAL GENETICS

plasmid that contributes to antibiotic resistane

transposons

BACTERIAL GENETICS

jumping genes

antibiotic resisitance

BACTERIAL GENETICS

transposons contribute in 

conjugation

BACTERIAL GENETICS

gene transfer via sex pili

transduction

BACTERIAL GENETICS

gene transfer via bacteriophage

transformation

BACTERIAL GENETICS

direct DNA uptake

Streptococcus spp

(-) in catalase test

optochin

Alpha hemolytic rgt

OVeR PS

Viridians strep: R

S. pneumonia: S

Alphan hemolytic R and S

bacitracin

Beta hemolytic rgt

BeBaBRAS

Group B: R

Group A: S

Beta hemolytic R and S

6.5% NaCl

Gamma/nonhemolytic rgt

Growth: Enterococcus spp.

No growth: Non-enterococcus spp. e.g. S. bovis

Gamma/nonhemolytic growth and no growth

Staphylococcus spp

(+) catalase in catalase test

S. aureus

(+) clumps in coagulase test

golden yellow colonies

ID of S. aureus in coagulase test

CONS (coagulase negative staph)

(-) coagulase test

S. saphroohyticus

R CONS in novobiocin

S. epidermidis

S CONS in novobiocin

(white colonies)

nose/nares

S. aureus reservoir

nose swab

S. aureus carrier ID

Protein A

Teichoic acid (Gram +)

Capsule

S. aureus VF

S. aureus diseases (8)

BC

Ba

spore forming gram (+) bacilli