Social Unit psych 111 bing prof race

Social comparison theory

- we understand ourselves by comparing ourselves to others

- upward, downward

Upward- Social comparison theory

compare ourselves to someone better than us

Downward- Social comparison theory

compare ourselves to someone worse than us

Enlightenment effect-

once we learn about a concept it changes our real world behavior for the better

Halo-

when someone has one good trait, we assume they have many good traits

-attractive = good traits

Self fulfilling prophecy

- once we believe a concept, we may act in a way to cause that concept to happen

Affective- attitude component

what does this thing make u feel?

Behavioral- attitude component

what do you want to do when you are presented with this item?

Cognitive- attitude component

what you think about the concept

Strength- dimensions attitude

strong attitude unlikely to change, weak attitude is open to change

-stronger attitude, more influential on decision making

Accessibility- dimensions attitude

- how easy it is for u to pull this attitude to come to mind, stronger is easier to come to mind

Ambivalence- dimensions attitude

negative and positive attitudes, you have to deal with contrasting elements when it comes to presenting response

Source- attitude change component

the person or company trying to cause change

Receiver- attitude change component

whose attitude are you trying to change

Message- attitude change component

what they say to create change

Channel- attitude change component

they way you are delivering your message

Cognitive dissonance-

when we have two ideas in our head that are different from each other, that causes us discomfort, so we need to resolve the discomfort, one way to do so is by changing one of those attitudes

festinger

experimenter famous for $1 or $20 experiment on cognitive dissonance

Self perception theory

- we change our attitude by looking at our behaviors

Impression management theory

- we will have express attitudes depending on the impression we are trying to make

Elaboration likelihood model

- there are two paths to create attitude change,

- central and peripheral

central path- Elaboration likelihood model

where focus is on message, relying on argument

-more longterm change, and more likely to change strong opinions

Peripheral route - Elaboration likelihood model

where you rely on everything but the method to create change

-Quick change, but not long term

Foot in the door

- start by asking for something small, and moving to larger requests, till you get to the one you actually care about

Door in the face

start with absurd request you are expecting them to say no to, then follow it with something that seems much more reasonable in comparison

Attributions-

how we explain other peoples behaviors

Stable- attribution

cause of behavior unlikely to change

Unstable- attribution

cause of behavior is likely to change

Internal-attribution

is about the person doing the behavior

External- attribution

anything outside of the person doing the behavior

Individualism- attribution

culture focused on individual, more likely to make internal attributions

Collectivist- attribution

focus on betterness of group, more likely to make external attributions

Fundamental attribution error-

everything held equal, we are more likely to make internal attributions, weaker applied to ourselves stronger applied to others

Defensive attributions error- internal attributions for succesions, external attributions for failures

internal attributions for succesions, external attributions for failures

Stereotypes-

schemas for people, shortcuts where we process and understand new people

Subtyping

- rather than abandoning stereotypes, you create subtype that fits that description

Perceptual conformation

-interpret information so it supports our stereotypes

Illusory correlation

- believe we encountered more situations that support our stereotypes than we actually have

Out-group homogeneity

- we believe outgroup members are more similar to each other than in groups

Contact hypothesis

- one of the ways to decrease stereotype and discrimination is through contact with outgroup members (has to be positive)

Superodinate goals

- you give two groups a goal that you must work together to accomplish

common knowledge effect

- when you are put into a group you are more likely to talk about information that all group members share

Social loafing-

you dont work as hard in a group as you would individual

Group polarization

- groups opinion on a subject can become more extreme than any individual members on a subject

Group think

- more likely to say yes and just agree with others in the group than saying no and bring up contrary opinion

Deindividuation

- individual identity matters less than group identity

Conformity-

go along with groups behavior or opinion without direct request

Compliance-

you are going along with a direct request

Obedience

- going along with a direct request from an authority figure, type of compliance

Informational influence-

go along with group because you genuinely believe the group is right

Normative influence

- go along with group not cause u think they r right but because u dont wanna be rejected

Unanimity

- if entire group is agreeing on behavior/opinion its more likely to see conformity

Co conspirator

- having someone else willing to go against the group decreases conformity, more likely to go against group (they dont have to agree with you they just have to go against group)

Group size-

larger size the more likely you will see conformity

Anonymity-

express opinion in anonymous way, you see decrease in conformity

Closeness

- the closer the authority figure is physically, the more likely you are to obey

-The closer the request/behavior is in time, more likely to obey

Legitimate authority

- if you dont think they have significant authority you are less likely to obey

Prestige

- helps build legitimate authority

Depersonalize victim

- easier to seperate consequence of actions because you cant see it

Defiant models

- having someone else go against authority figure it is easier to go against them

Intimacy- Sternbergs triangular theory of love

sharing emotional deep feelings

Passion- Sternbergs triangular theory of love

hot physical attraction (lust)

Commitment- Sternbergs triangular theory of love

desire to stay in relationship with another person

Sternbergs triangular theory of love

intimacy, passion, commitment

Matching hypothesis

Generally people are in romantic relationships with people of same level of attraction

Facial symmetry

- find people with symmetrical faces more attractive

Attitude alignment

- longer in relationship with someone, more similar attitudes become

Proximity-

strong, predictive of both levels of attraction and remaining in a relationship

Relational aggression

- trying to harm someone elses relationship

Physical aggression

- trying to cause physical harm to someone else

Hostile aggression

- aggressing spontaneously, you lash out

Instrumental aggression

- displaying aggression to accomplish a goal

Kin selection

- we are more likely to help those that are biologically related to us

Reciprocal altruism-

you help me, i help you you help me, i help you

Empathy altruism hypothesis

- in order to help someone without giving any benefit to yourself, you need to be able to sympathize with that person

Bystander effect

- more likely to get help if there are fewer people around

Social responsibility-

we as a society have a responsibility to help those who are more vulnurable

Cognitive miser-

humans are cognitively lazy, leads us to poor decisions

Inductive reasoning

- drawing general conclusions from specific evidence

Deductive reasoning

- go from general statments to specific ideas

Syntax vs grammar

- syntax is rules for how we put words together in order to create specific meaning, grammar is more general rules

Genie-

person responsible for taking out understanding of language from critical period to sensitive period

Homesign

common type of language that occurs when deaf children are born to hearing parents

-they create sign language for communication which is personalized due to not knowing ASL

Symbolic- language rule

have to be able to use sounds or words in order to represent non tangible or abstract concepts, has to be

generative- language rule

generative- make infinite number of words, sentences

Structured- language rule

rules that allow for infinite but understandable creation

language rules

symbolic, generative, strcutures

Denotation-semantics

The dictionary definition of a word, important for communication with people you don't know

Connotation - semantics

- how you personally understand that word,

important for communication with people you know

Sociocultural- language acquisition

observational and interactional learning of language of those around us, helps build connotation language

Behaviorist- language acquisition

BF skinner said language is learned through opperant conditioning, positive interactions with parents served as the reinforcement

Nativist (chomsky)

- language is an innate skill for humans rather than being learned through experience

Language acquisition device

- a biologic directive that facilitates speech

Interactionist- language acquisition

- important to recognize all sources of language acquisition

Phonem-

the sound that we use for language, smallest unit of speech

Morphemes-

smallest unit of meaningful sound

Receptive vocabulary

- the words that we understand

Productive vocabulary

- the words that we use

Telegraphic speech-

the way children start to use language, often is simplistic subject +verb

Overextension

use a word more liberally than they should