GCSE Edexcel History Conflict In The Middle East K3

Oil embargo

OPEC members refused to sell oil to the USA, Netherlands and Denmark.

80% of oil to Europe came from Middle East and oil prices quadrupled from $3 to $12.

America had greater incentive to find a solution in the region.

25% cut in production for Israeli allies

Shuttle diplomacy

Kissinger travelled back and forth from Egypt, Syria and Israel as neither side wanted to talk to each other.

He wanted to win Egyptian recognition of Israel’s June 1967 border, to isolate Syria from Egypt and to improve US standings in the Middle East.

He achieved an end to oil embargo, prisoner of war exchanges, Israeli withdrawal from parts of the Sinai and areas won in Syria 1973.

Suez Canal reopening

1975

Closure of canal had cost $8 billion in increased shipping costs.

British, French, Egyptian and US navies took part in clearing, it was dangerous and time-consuming.

Egyptian-Israeli peace talks

1977

Sadat prepared ‘to go to the ends of the earth to find peace’

First Arab leader to visit Israel to achieve the rights of Palestinians, end the state of belligerence, end the occupation of Arab territories and commitment to operate in UN charter.

This led to his isolation from other Arab states

Camp David Accords

6-17 September 1978

Sadat & Begin met together in the US

1st Accord- Egypt to regain all of Sinai within 3 years and the Israelis allowed to navigate the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran.

2nd Accord- Palestinians allowed to govern themselves for 5 years with Israeli troops to be withdrawn from Gaza and the West Bank.

Treaty of Washington

26th March 1979

Ended the state of war between Egypt and Israel

Ambassadors were swapped

Sadat assassinated in 1981 by extremist

Arafat at the UN

1974

Received standing ovation apart from US delegates and the Israelis for highlighting the importance of a Palestinian homeland.

PLO were given observer status at the UN so could take part in discussions about the future of Palestinians.

PLO in Lebanon

Moved from Jordan to Beirut after Black September

400,000 Palestinian refugees in Lebanon

Civil war between Muslims and Christians in Lebanon

PLO had it’s own state ‘Fatah land’ in southern Lebanon.

Haifa attack

11th March 1978

PLO seized a bus killing 38 people in Haifa

Israel killed 9 PLO members afterwards

14th March- 25,000 Israelis invaded southern Lebanon in Operation Litani to destroy PLO bases and support Christians in the war.

Withdrew in June following US pressure

Lebanon invasion

July 1981- Ceasefire between PLO and Israel

June 1982- PLO attempts to assassinate an Israeli ambassador to London

6th June 1982- Operation Peace for Galilee

14th June- Beirut is besieged

August- Arafat announces the relocation of PLO

Operation Peace for Galilee

Remain in Lebanon for 48 hours only

Not venture more than 40 km from the Israeli border

Massacre of Sabra and Shatlia

Israel allowed the Christian Phalange Party into it’s refugee camps to root out PLO members

2000, mostly women & children, were killed in retaliation for the murder of one of the party’s members.

Israel found indirectly responsible for deaths

Palestinian Life Under Occupation

Palestinians had to work in Israel doing jobs they were over-qualified for.

They had to pay Israeli tax without having a say in Israel

PLO suspects were arrested without trial with land confiscations and house arrests.

35,000 settlers in 1984 to 64,000 in 1988.

Lead up to Intifada

December 1987- an Israeli market trader was stabbed to death in Gaza

The following day, an IDF truck collided with 2 vans carrying Palestinians home from work, killing 4 wounding 7.

Rumours spread this was an act of deliberate revenge, so an Israeli guard post was stoned and there was rioting at funerals.

Three days later, another Palestinian was killed and thousands took to the street protesting.

Within 2 weeks, this spread to the West Bank.

Intifada actions

Flying Palestinian flag

Refusing to carry ID & pay taxes

Throwing stones and rocks

Refusing to work in Israel & buy or sell Israeli goods

Anti-Israeli graffiti

Iron Fist Policy

Reservists were called up & security increased

Large number of schools closed down & curfews imposed

Crowds were dispersed with tear gas, rubber bullets or live ammunition

Arms and fingers of child throwers were broken

Ringleaders detained and their homes destroyed

Consequences of Intifada

Trade fell by 80% & unemployment rose 50%

882 Palestinians accused of working with Israel were killed & 160 Israelis died

1200 Palestinians died & 120,000 wounded

Created a sense of unity among Palestinians

Rise of Hamas 1987

Arafat’s renunciation of terrorism

Arafats renunciation of terrorism

November 1988- Algiers Declaration

December 1988-

Arafat calls for implementation of 2 state solution and withdrawal of Israel from occupied territories

Rejected by Hams & Islamic Jihad & Israel

USA agreed to open negotiations with PLO

Iraq’s Invasion of Kuwait

August 1990- Iraq invaded Kuwait

29th November 1990- USA authorised the necessary force against Iraq for Operation Desert Shield

15th January 1991- Iraq’s deadline to withdraw

17th January 1991- USA air bombardment against Iraq

28th February 1991- Iraq withdraws from Kuwait

End of Cold War

1991

USSR split into multiple states

200,000 Russian Jews moved to Israel

USA could now develop closer ties to Arab nations

PLO offices closed down due to lack of funding

Arafat’s bargaining position was weakened

Madrid Conference

November 1991

Sponsored by Saudi Arabia, USA & USSR

Israel refused to talk to Palestinians outside of the West Bank and Gaza strip, including Arafat and PLO in Tunisia.

Arafat plane crash

April 1992

Feared dead for 12 hours

Revived his image as the Palestinian leader

Put him in a stronger bargaining position

Rabin

June 1992

Rabin took power and was willing to compromise with the PLO to end the Intifada.

Hamas

April 1993

First suicide bombings took place

Rabin saw Arafat as a moderate, who could be negotiated with.

Oslo Accords I

1993

Held in Oslo, Norway by Johan Jorgen Holst

PNA should be set up

Israeli withdrawal from parts of West Bank

Permanent peace treaty to be signed after 5 years

Both accepted each other’s right to exist and represent a nation.

September 1993- Rabin & Arafat both received Nobel Peace Prize

Jordan-Israel peace treaty

October 1994

King Hussein ended all financial support to Palestinians saying PLO should take responsibility

He renounced all claims to West Bank

Jordan accepted Israel’s right to exist

Oslo Accords II

1995

Gaza would be Palestinian completely

West Bank divided into 3 parts:

Area A- 3% of West Bank controlled by PNA alone

Area B- 25% of West Bank under PNA control but also Israeli military occupation, with no settlements

Area C- rest of West Bank contained 110,000 settlers, which would return to Palestinian control.

Consequences of Oslo Accords

Oslo l - led to sense of optimism as both sides would gain

Oslo ll - shocking as Area C contained many natural resources and movement between B & A was difficult.

Settlers angry about giving up the ‘Promised Land’

Rabin was assassinated & Arafat became head of PNA in 1996