COLG121 Chapter 15

Endocrine System and Cancer Treatments

What is the meaning of the following prefix?

dys-

bad, impaired

Hyposecretion

abnormally decreased secretion

Hypersecretion

abnormally increased secretion

What is the meaning of the following prefix?

endo-

inside

What is the meaning of the following suffix?

-crine

secrete

What is the meaning of the following prefix?

exo-

outside

Hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.

Endocrine glands

glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream.

Exocrine glands

open onto a body surface and discharge their secretions through ducts (e.g., sweat glands).

Target organ

organ or structure toward which the effects of a hormone are primarily directed.

What is the meaning of the following prefix?

hypo-

below

What is the meaning of the following suffix?

-physis

growth

What is the meaning of the following prefix?

para-

beside, near

Pituary gland or hypophysis

center of control of the endocrine system that secretes a large number of hormones.

Pancreas

regulates the level of sugar in the blood with insulin and glycogon.

Pineal gland

shaped like a pinecone and is attached to the posterior part of the brain, using information to regulate the output of the hormone melatonin.

Thyroid gland

located in the front of the neck; produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth.

Parathyroid glands

small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues.

Islets of Langerhans

cell clusters in the pancreas that form its endocrine part.

Pancreatic

pertaining to the pancreas

Adrenal gland

lies above each of the two kidneys.

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

aden/o

gland

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

adren/o, adrenal/o

adrenal glands

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

andr/o

male or masculine

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

gigant/o

giant

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

gonad/o

gonad

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

insulin/o

insulin

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

iod/o

iodine

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

myx/o

mucus

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

pancreat/o

pancreas

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

parathyroid/o

parathyroid

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

pituitar/o, hypophys/o

pituitary gland

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

ren/o, nephr/o

kidney

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

thyr/o, thyroid/o

thyroid gland

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

toxic/o

poison

What is the meaning of the following suffix?

-gen

beginning, origin

What is the meaning of the following suffix?

-physis

growth

What is the meaning of the following suffix?

-tropic

stimulate

What is the meaning of the following suffix?

-tropin

that which stimulates

What is the meaning of the following suffix?

-uria

urine, urination

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.

Androgen (e.g., testosterone)

male sex hormone; development and maintenance of masculinizing characteristics.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

suppression of urine formation.

Cortisone

important in regulation of body metabolism.

Estrogens

female sex hormones; during menstrual cycle, act on the female genitalia to produce a suitable site for fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embry.

Growth hormone

stimulation of body growth and maintenance of size once growth has been obtained.

Insulin

regulation of blood glucose by coordinating with other hormones.

Thyroxine (iodine-containing hormone)

cell metabolism

What is the meaning of the following prefix?

hyper-

above normal

What is the meaning of the following prefix?

ex-

outward

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

ophthalm/o

eye

What is the meaning of the following prefix?

eu-

normal

Hyperthyroidism

excessive activity of the thyroid gland.

Exopthalmosis

protrusion of the eyeballs; commonly associated with hyperthyroidism.

Goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland seen by swelling in the neck.

Euthyroid

normal thyroid

What is the meaning of the following prefix?

poly-

many

What is the meaning of the following suffix?

-uria

urination

What is the meaning of the following suffix?

-dipsia

thirst

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

glyc/o

sugar

What is the meaning of the following suffix?

-emia

blood

Hypothyroidism

disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal.

Diabetes insipidus

deficiency of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) produced by the pituitary gland, or inability of the kidneys to respond to the anti-diuretic hormone.

Diabetes mellitus

group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

Polyuria

excessive urination

Polydispia

excessive thirst

Hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

Glycosuria

sugar in the urine

Acromegaly

enlargement of the extremities.

Adenoma

tumor of a gland.

Cretinism

condition caused by congenital absence or atrophy (wasting away) of the thyroid gland, resulting in hypothyroidism; characterized by puffy features, mental deficiency, large tongue, and dwarfism.

Dwarfism

disease caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood.

Gigantism

condition produced by hypersecretion of growth hormone during the early years of life.

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

acr/o

extremities

What is the meaning of the following suffix?

-megaly

enlargement

What is the meaning of the following combining form?

gigant/o

large

What is the meaning of the following suffix?

-ism

condition

Hyperinsulinism

condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream.

Hyperparathyroidism

excessive production of parathormone.

Hypoglycemia

abnormally low level of sugar in the blood.

Hyoparathyroidism

decreased activity of the parathyroid glands.

Hypopituitarism

diminished activity of the pituitary gland.

Hypophysectomy

surgical removal of the pituitary gland.

Antithyroid drugs

medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

Thyroidectomy

surgical removal of the thyroid gland.

Adrenalectomy

surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands.

Adrenectomy

removal of the adrenal gland.

Insulin pump

portable, battery-powered device that delivers insulin through the abdominal wall in measured amounts.

Glucose-lowering agent

drug that lowers blood glucose (e.g., insulin).

Myxedema

condition resulting from hypofunction of the thyroid gland, characterized by a dry, waxy swelling of the skin.

Thyrotoxicosis

morbid condition caused by excessive thyroid secretion.