IB History Dates and Names (HL)

Tariff 1816

meant to keep British’s cheap goods from running American goods out of business

John C. Calhoun

was a prominent American politician and statesman who served as Vice President, Secretary of State, Secretary of War, and a U.S. Senator. He was known for his strong advocacy of states' rights and slavery.

Andrew Jackson

known as "Old Hickory," 7th U.S. President, founded the Democratic Party, implemented the Indian Removal Act, and fought in the Battle of New Orleans.

Henry Clay

was known as "The Great Compromiser" for his efforts in brokering compromises between the North and South to prevent the Civil War in the 19th century.

1793

the creation of the cotton gin was made

Southern Arguments for Slavery

Biblically— based on the curse of the son of Ham, to obey thy master

Historical— great civilization relied on slaves

Constitutional— mentions and supports slavery

Scientific— believed to be biologically inferior

Sociological— due to inferiority slavery was good for slaves

Abolitionist Arguments against Slavery

Biblically— slavery is a sin

Principle— against the American ideals

Capitol— paid labor against free wage labor (fight for jobs)

Fredrick Douglass

prominent African American abolitionist, author, and orator known for his powerful speeches and writing against slavery.

Missouri Compromise: 1820

Maine entered as a free state, slavery was banned in Louisiana forever, and 36,30 line was Northern territory

Compromise 1850

California would be a free state

Washington D.C. would not have slaves

Slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty

Made a STRICT Fugitive Slave Law (to make S. states happy)

Fugitive Act 1850

Federal marshals and other officials required to arrest alleged runaway slaves or risk a fine

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852. It highlighted the harsh realities of slavery in the United States and helped fuel the abolitionist movement.

Ostend Manifesto 1854

a document advocating the acquisition of Cuba from Spain by the U.S., sparking controversy over expansion and slavery issues.

Charles Sumner

was a prominent abolitionist and senator from Massachusetts known for his fierce opposition to slavery and advocacy for civil rights (bludgeoned to death with a cane)

Abraham Lincoln

16th U.S. President in 1860, led during Civil War, issued Emancipation Proclamation

Antietam

Battle during the American Civil War on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland. Bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. history with over 22,000 casualties.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by President Lincoln in 1863, this document declared all slaves in Confederate states to be free, changing the purpose of the Civil War.

Vicksburg Battle

A pivotal Civil War conflict in 1863, where Union forces led by Ulysses S. Grant captured __________, Mississippi, dividing the Confederacy and securing control of the Mississippi River.

Ensured there wasn’t any foreign intervention involved.

General Sherman (aka Badass general)

led Union forces in the Civil War, known for his "March to the Sea" campaign and his devastating tactics in Georgia and the Carolinas.

March to Sea

60,000 union troops captured GA— took S.’s most industrialized city and major railroad hub for their supplies

October 29th, 1929

Black Tuesday- stock market bursts

Laissez Faire

let it right itself

Balance the Budget

do NOT spend more than collected in revenue

Herbert Hoover

president from 1929-1933 during the Great Depression. He was seen as the ‘do nothing’ president. During his presidency he was limited in helping the economic crisis because of the belief in ‘self help’.

Hoover’s Policies

-1929, Agricultural Marketing Act (AMA) gave 5 mil to stabilize farms, just made tax payers angry and didn’t fix the problem because it was OVER production not UNDER.

-1930, Smoot-Hawley Tariff raised tariffs 50% (reduced trade globally with US)

-1931, National Credit Corp. (NCC) helps smaller banks make loans from bigger banks volunteering to help (yea… that really worked /s)

• ______ starts deporting Mexicans to increase employment but many were citizens

-Reconstruction Finance Corp. (RFC) supported big companies with loans

• Emergency Relief and Construction Act under RFC would give public works projects to companies completely bankrupt — but the companies had to pay it off (smh)

Revenue Act + Balancing the Budget 1932

Reversed tax cuts and raised taxes for every bracket (1%—>4% lower, 25%—>64% higher)

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

president from 1933-1945, fixed the Great Depression issues with the economy up until his death in 1945

New Deal Acts (8 of them)

-Emergency Banking Act

-Beer Wine Revenue Act

-Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

-Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA-1933)

-Public Works Administration (PWA)

-Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

-Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

-National Recovery Administration (NRA)

-Glass-Steagall Act (GSA)

FERA 1933

Grants from Federal Gov. to States for the creation of unskilled jobs in local/ state gov. 20 million people got work

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Made jobs for manual labor for public works projects, and many of the things built because of the program are still in use today (dams, bridges, schools, hospitals, etc.).

Tennessee Valley Control (TVA)

federally owned corporation to provide, navigation, flood control, electricity generation, and fertilizer manufacturing. Thought as “creeping socialism”. Many people benefited with full employment, cheap electricity, low-cost housing, cheap fertilizers, restoration of eroded soil, reforestation, improved navigation and flood control.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Worst Act of the New Deal. Paid farmers to not plant as many crops to deal with overproduction — mass murder of livestock and burning crops. Wasted food instead of giving it to the poor and hungry. Paid farmers increased unemployment because farms didn’t need as many people.

Glass-Steagall Act (GSA)

Separated commercial banking from investment banking which fixed the bank failures (who knew).

1960’s Events

• African-American civil rights protests

• Anti-war in Vietnam protests

• Indigenous-American protests

• Cuban Revolution

• Cold War Tensions

John F. Kennedy (JFK)

The president from 1961- 1963 dealt with one of the most critical times in all of history with increasing tensions with the Soviet Union and civil unrest within the country. Most famous for being assassinated and being charismatic/ diplomatic

National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)

founded in 1944, it is the oldest and largest activist group of both American Indian and Alaska Native nations.

Dawes Act of 1887 (General Allotment Act)

Allowed the BIA to give away parts of the reservations for Native Americans to white settlers. In theory, it meant to assimilate them into white culture.

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

Oversaw Indian affairs without actually being involved with the Native Americans. The president at the time, Andrew Jackson, just saw Natives as obstacles to white expansion in the USA.

Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) 1934

To get Native Americans their rights back and give them and their land respect as it is their culture. The leader was actually knowledgeable of Native American culture and was able to help greatly in giving Native Americans some of their rights back as well as their land.

The National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)

A group of young Native Americans that heard stories from their families of how they were treated and that pushed them to band together and protest for Native rights as well as better treatment.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Inspired by the youth in NIYC, many people banded together to change things for Native Americans. This group involved tribes from all over America.

Inspired civil rights groups everywhere, like African American groups and women’s rights groups

Trail of Broken Treaties 1972

A caravan of Native Americans traveled across the US to Washington DC to present a 26 point presentation fighting for their rights and for changes to be made for the equality of Native Americans to normal people.

Confrontation at Wounded Knee 1973

A group of Native Americans was constantly being mistreated and heard about the ‘Trail of Broken Treaties’ that they had done and reached out for help by the same people.

Indian Claims Commission 1946

As a thank you to the Native Americans for their service in WW2 the government held hearings to listen to the issues of the Native Americans. The ICC led to hundreds to millions of dollars being given to tribes before it ended in 1978.

Indian Self-Determination Act 1975

Allowed the Fed. Gov. to enter into contracts and give grants directly to federally recognized tribes. Tribes had to follow Fed. requirements in order to receive funding and support.

13th Amendment

Abolished Slavery

Lyndon B. Johnson

president from 1963- 1969, ratified the 13th amendment where all the Confederate states had to pledge loyalty to the Union and abolished slavery (only did it in honor of FDR). Then he allowed Black Codes and tried to veto laws against bills that would ban Black Codes in States. Honestly, he was very wishy-washy with black rights.

14 Amendment

Made all persons born or naturalized in the US are citizens. Equal protection clause- can’t discriminate based on race.

John Collier

appointed by FDR in 1933 to lead the BIA

Andrew Johnson

1865-1869 presidential term, served after Lincoln because he was assassinated (he was his vice president)

He was majorly racist and held the complete opposite beliefs than Lincoln with black rights

Black Codes

starting in Mississippi it was meant to oppress black people even after the abolishment of slavery, they may not have been slaves been they were seen as less than equal (same thinking for women without the racism attached)

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

formed in 1865, their goal was to frighten black citizens and essentially act as terrorists so that they did not succeed in gain equality for black citizens

Ulysses S. Grant

president from 1869-1877, he was the first president to ever be elected by with black voters involved (overwhelming majority from the south voted for him)

Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

organized and held non-violent protests such as sit-ins and boycotts— would become very important in the fight for African-American civil rights

Bloody Sunday

March, 1972 a march from Selma to Montgomery (54 miles) in protest for voting rights took place. 500+ police officers blocked the bridge out of town, TV cameras caught the abuse from the police and cause international outrage.

New Deal PART 2!!

-Works Progress Administration (WPA), public works projects but included the arts (musicians, writers, artists, drama, etc.) attempted to solve unemployment just like PWA did.

-Wagner Act, allowed for the rights of unions to form so workers could fight unfair wages/ working conditions.

-Social Security Act (SSA), unemployment insurance/ national health care system

Brown v Board of Education 1954

the result of this court case allowed for making segregation of schools illegal and also the changes of perspective in courts in favor of black rights

Southern Manifesto 1956

19 US senators and 82 representatives issued the “________ ________” proposing the Brown v Board of Education decision should be reversed using “all lawful means”

Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-1956

Lasted a little over a year, longest every boycott protest and gave power to black civil rights movements as it demonstrated that they could abuse the economy and that the court CAN rule in favor of black rights.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Founded in 1957 after the Montgomery Bus Boycott, was a religious based civil rights group that was led by MLK. They were non-violent, peaceful protesters.

Little Rock 9

In 1957, Little Rock was the first school in the south that was to be desegregated, starting with 9 black students who volunteered to help with the process. Met with threats, Eisenhower sent the National Guard to protect the students getting into the school and inside the school.

Dwight Eisenhower

president from 1953- 1961, he helped the integration of black students into historically white schools. He also was important in the role of black movements towards equality. He was an influential person during the Cold War in a lot of different ways.

Malcolm X

fostered by a white family his whole life, he had become a voice for the angry and despair of the young. After being jailed he converted to the Nation of Islam (NOI). He was the opposite of MLK, advocating for violence and direct conflictual protests— inspired groups like SNCC to become violent with their protests as they became impatient. Then after NOI he realized he was wrong and switch from violence to peace.

Black Panther Party

Original goal was to monitor the behavior of police officers on the treatment of Black Americans. Openly wore firearms, black berets, and black leather jackets. Had free breakfast programs for middle school students, free health clinics, and ambulance services. CA banned open carry of firearms because of this group.

COINTELPRO - Counterintelligence program

FBI started this program in 1956 to disrupt the activities of the Communist Party of the United States. It expanded to include other domestic groups such as the KKK, Socialist Workers Party, and BPP. All _______ operations ended in 1971 (or did they?)

Yalta/ Potsdam Conferences

conferences that were held in 1945 between the BIG 3 at the end of WW2

Salami Tactics

Stage 1: established a broad alliance of ‘anti-facists’

Stage 2: political parties ‘sliced off’ (imprisonment, intimidation, etc.)

Stage 3: Communist ‘core’ was left, local communists replaced with Moscow trained people

Harry Truman

president from 1945 to 1953 in the beginnings of the Cold War

Truman Doctrine

broke America’s traditional isolationism

makes/ confirms communists as the ‘bad guys’

involved in MANY wars because of this doctrine

Marshall Plan

economic extension of the Truman Doctrine and is the way we have so much money into our military and military power

COMECON- council for mutual economic assistance

USSR lacked funding

Trade agreements with Eastern Europe and itself

Stimulate and control their economic development

Mr. X Article

policy of containment toward USSR (communism)

• established much of America’s early Cold War foreign policies

Containment Policy

accepted Communist E. Europe but wanted to prevent Communists gov’t from forming elsewhere in the World- “Domino Theory”

Joseph Stalin

communist leader of the USSR from 1924-1953

Mao Zedong

communist leader and founder of the people’s republic of China (PRC) from 1949-1959

McCarthyism

fear of communist spies and propaganda to try to expose potential communists

NSC-68

report of US National Security Council

the exact reason more than 50% of our taxes go to military spending every year

encouraged military and economic aid to ANY country perceived by USA to be resisting Communism

Korean War

lasting from 1950-1953 the country was split on the 38th parallel that ended in an armistice

Syungmann Rhee

elected president in S. Korea

Kim II Sung

communist leader of North Korea and former guerrilla fighter for China during their civil war

Douglas McArthur

US general that led the fight against North Korea for the South of Korea

Khrushchev

communist leader after Stalin from 1953-1964

Vietnam War

lasting from 1955-1975, it was a civil war that was very similar to the Korea War, Soviet-Afghanistan War, and the end of WW2 and the occupation of Germany.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

granted the president FULL control over the decisions of the US military

Attrition

battle to destroy the other’s morale and wear them down completely