Renaissance, Reformation and Revolution Study Guide

Definition of a primary source

A person who witnessed the event

Definition of a secondary source

A person who got their information from a person who witnessed the event.

How does each source impact the way we research history

We might trust and rely more on primary sources more than secondary sources because primary sources are first hand.

How does cause and effect influence our study of history

Cause and effect helps us understand why past events happened and how those actions shape our world today.

Be able to provide an example of a primary and secondary source

P Anne Franks diary, S textbook

Where did the Renaissance begin

Florence, Italy in the 14th century. After and during the dark ages

What was Leonardo da Vinci’s main occupation

Artist

Name an invention that da Vinci constructed

Blueprints for submarines and flying machines (airplanes)

Be able to identify da Vinci’s paintings

Virgin of the rocks,Lady with an Ermine, The last supper, Mon Lisa

Why is perspective so important in The Last Supper

Because Jesus is at the center of the whole painting. And normally all paintings in the renaissance are flat and 2D. Da Vinci made his 3D

What was Michelangelo’s main occupation

Painter

Be able to identify Michelangelo’s works

David, Pieta, The last judgment,

Which family was the most important in Florence during the Renaissance

The Medici Family

What is patronage

a financial system where wealthy individuals, ruling families, religious institutions, and civic groups paid artists, architects, and scholars to create works of culture

How did the Renaissance lead to the modern era

sparking a cultural and intellectual rebirth that championed human reason, individual potential, empirical inquiry, and scientific inquiry.

How did the printing press impact European society

By bringing a large amount of information to a large amount of people

How did Shakespeare explore renaissance ideals

William Shakespeare explored Renaissance ideals by writing stories that focused on human reason, individual choice, and deep personal emotions rather than just medieval religious fate

How did Sir Thomas Moore explain utopia

Sir Thomas More explained a utopia as an imaginary, ideal island society where cooperative communal living, reason, and equality replaced the greed, poverty, and corruption of 16th-century Europe

Who was the Holy Roman Emperor during the reformation

Charles the 5th

What is an indulgence

An indulgence in the Catholic Church is a way to reduce the time spent in purgatory from your sins. If you committed a sin you would pay money to the pope and he would “reduce” your sentence. It was targeted for the rich

How did Martin Luther bring about the beginning of the reformation

He nailed his 95 theses to the front of the church door.

Why did the Peasants Revolt begin

Many peasants joined Luther, as they felt indulgences favored only the wealthy. Eventually, these peasants revolted against Charles V and demanded an end to serfdom.

What was the Peace of Augsburg

It allowed Protestantism to continue in Europe

What is predestination

Predestination is a religious belief that God has already decided who will go to heaven,

Who began the reformation in England and why

King Henry the 8th because he wanted to divorce his second wife and the pope wouldn't let him.

How did Queen Elizabeth compromise between Protestants and Catholics

created the Elizabethan Religious Settlement in 1559 to blend Protestant beliefs with Catholic traditions and keep peace in England.

What did the Council of Trent decide

Council restated the importance of clergy interpreting the Bible, Bishops had to live in the area they oversaw, The council also rejected the teachings of Protestants

Describe how the Scientific Method works

The scientific method is a step-by-step way that scientists test ideas and solve problems to learn how the world works.

How did Galileo influence our understanding of the universe

The sun is the center of the universe. Originally people thought the center of the universe was earth because God created us and we were the most important. And the telescope he created was 30 more times magnified.

Describe two areas of science that Sir Isaac Newton influenced

Physics and mathematics. He created universal gravitation and the 3 laws of motion and He created calculus.

Virgin Of the Rocks a famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci. Depicts the adoration of Christ by St. John the Baptist.

Lady with an Ermine a notable painting by Leonardo da Vinci

Painted with oils- rare for its newness in Italy.

The lady is almost certainly the mistress of Leonardo’s employer.

The Last Supper a mural painting on a wall of a dining room in a convent in Milan, Italy. By Leonardo da Vinci. It was painted with oils

The picture showcases the image of the apostles’ reaction to Jesus foretelling that one of them will betray Him. 

David sculpture by Michelangelo created between 1501 and 1504. Made from a single block of marble

Pieta sculpture by Michelangelo, Italian for “The Pity” The Only Work Michelangelo ever signed

The Virgin Mary holding the dead body of Jesus Christ. It showcases intricate details and emotional expression, highlighting the themes of mourning and beauty.

The Last Judgement, Completed late in Michelangelo’s life. The painting illustrates Christ’s second coming and the redemption of mankind. 

Christ is seen as a younger, beardless man, surrounded by his mother and the saints. 

Part of the Sistine Chapel, it is located at the back of the church. 

Mona Lisa a famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci. She is likely Lisa Gherardini- an Italian noblewoman. Lisa is painted as a virtuous and faithful wife; this can be seen with her right hand covering her left. 

• It is not known if Lisa was painted with or without eyebrows and eyelashes. Both were considered unsightly during the renaissance and many women plucked them.