Revolutions/Rebellions

America Revolution

• 7 year war = British and French fighting over American territory

• Raise funds for the government: Revenue Act, Stamp Act, Tea Act

• Colonists opposed these laws -> British Tea Party

• Declaration of Independence 

• French joins Americas -> democracy 

• cause= enlightenment ideologies, taxation without representation, and resentment of british policies 

• Key events= declaration of independence, revolutionary war

• Significance = first large democracy, inspired more revolutions, and lead to end of british colonial rule

French Revolution

• France is running out of money on wars under the rule of Louis XVI

• Estates conflict: Third estates are facing inequality which led to the creation of the National Assembly and Peasants raided Bastille. This created the Declaration of the Rights of Man. 

• Constitutional monarch -> Convention (Republic) led by Jacobins which throws out the constitution and creates the Committee of Public Safety = enforced revolution led by Maximilien Robespierre -> Directory which built up its military -> Overthrown by Napoleon who established the Napoleonic Code = men are equal

Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon overthrown by Russia -> Congress of Vienna = discuss what to do with France + balance of European powers + erasement of French Revolution

Hattian Revolution

• Enslaved Hatians who finally revolted under Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture

South American Revolution

South America 

• Colonists eject Napoleon’s brother Joseph Bonaparte -> Simon Bolivar in Venezuela -> independence  1811

Found national congress which the royals did not like -> civil war -> Bolivar won freedom for Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela

Brazilian Revolution

• John VI + Napoleon’s invasion -> Brazil -> son pedro becomes emperor = finds independence with a constitution -> Pedro II abolishes slavery

Mexican Revolution

• Priest Miguel Hidalgo started a revolt -> picked up by Jose Morelos -> Treaty of Cordoba = independence and recognition of the end of Spanish rule

Mexican Revolution= against neocolonialism + rejection of Porfiirio Diaz’s dictatorship who impoverished the lower class

Unit 5 Peru

• Tupac Amaru II led revolt against Spanish colonial rule, seeking independence for Peru in the late 18th century.

Unit 5 West Africa

• Samory Toure led resistance against Frenchcolonial rule in the late 19th century, establishing the Wassoulou Empire.

Sioux

• Sioux resisted US government taking control of land -> shot at during protest

Unit 5 Sudan

• Muhammad Ahdam led Mahadists to revolt against colonial rule of Egypt -> stopped by British

White Lotus Rebellion

•  Buddhist who were frustrated over taxes and government corruption led a rebellion against the Qing dynasty in China from 1796 to 1804, seeking religious and social reform.

Taiping Rebellion

• Rebels led by religious zealot who almost exceeded

Boxer Rebellion

• asant nationalists rebel by killing missionaries -> Boxer Protocol = China forced to pay Euro. and Japan with rebellion costs

Cherokee Nation

•  worked 2 assimilate white culture -> forced to relocated to Indian territory after gold found in their land

• The Cherokee Nation was a Native American tribe that attempted to assimilate into white culture but ultimately faced forced removal to Indian Territory following the discovery of gold on their ancestral lands.

Ghost Dance

• Ritual dance used to wake up the dead to drive out the whites -> ended at the Wounded Knee Massacre= U.S army tried disarming the Indigenous -> mass shooting of unarmed warriors

Cattle Killing

A practice where Native American tribes, particularly the Plains Indians, killed off bison herds to undermine their enemies and impact white settlers' expansion.

Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny

•  Hindu and Muslim Soldiers were forced to convert beliefs -> rebel against GB with violence -> social divisions made it hard to rise -> GB exiles Mughal Emperor (involved) -> ends mughal empire -> British Raj ruled India -> Creation of Indian National Congress led by British educated Indians

Samory Toure War

• WAfrica, ST led warriors into Guinea to oppose French annexation + colonial rule -> wanted to maintain territory and land -> exiled

Yaa Asantewaa War

•  GB fought 4 wars to obtain the Asante Empire -> 5th war -> Warrior Queen YA led rebellion against GB -> GB won -> Asante joins gold coast as an exploit

Mahdist Revolt

•  Muhammad Ahman wanted to restore glory to Islam -> helped Sudan use religion to fight Egypt -> Mahdist had control of the region -> GB helps Egypt push them out -> Muh. dies = movement disintegrates

Bolshevik Revolution:

• Vladimier Lenin represented Rev. Working Class -> communist government

Bloody Sunday

•  Tsarist troops killed protestors who asked for labor reforms -> 1905 revolution = 400000 workers refused to work were after sunday were killed, exiled

Chineses Republic

•  Sun Yat-sen led revolution against Qing government + promotion of social harmony

Mexico’s change in power

• Porfirio Diaz as dictator led to horrible economic imbalance = accommodation to foreign powers, opposition to land reform + jailing of opposition candidate Francisco Madero

• Madero escaped from jail -> revolutionary office in El paso -> defeated Diaz’s troops -> Emiliano Zapara redistributed land -> political instability (2 mil died) -> new constitution + land distribution + universal suffrage + public education -> Institutional Revolutionary Party = corrupt

India’s Decolonization

• Indian National Congress + Muslim League = made to increase rights for Indians under colonial rule

• Resistance: Amritsar Massacre = indians killed during protest, Mohandas Gandhi = Salt march + C.D + boycotted textile industry

• Royal Indian Naval Revolt=

• Negotiated with Britain for Independence

Ghana’s Decolonization

• Combined with British Togolabd to form Ghana -> Kwame Nkrumah became the first pres. = one-party system/dictatorship, promoted pan-afrikanism, celebration of culture

• Organization of African Unity -> military ground against it

• The Gold Coast gained independence from British colonial rule in 1957, marking the first sub-Saharan African nation to achieve independence. Nkrumah emphasized nationalism and economic self-sufficiency.

Algeria’s Decolonization

• Algerian War -> FLN sought self-determination through guerrilla -> hundreds of thousand deaths

• The French Communist Party favored independence -> Charles de Gualle made steps for indp.

• Following independence came another war = 150000 dead -> pro-french algerians flee to France -> housing problems and anti-immigrant sentiment 

• Algeria continued with authoritarian regime -> Algerian Civil War + Islamic Salvation Front -> violence persisted

Conflict of Israel

• Zionist movement=brief assimilation of jews into european society 

• Birth of israel- jews wanted the historical homeland of Palestine but that was the current home of muslims.

  • Balfour declaration- great Britain said that palestine should be jewish homeland

    • GB also promised Arabs independent nation 

    • British hoped they would rise against ottoman empire to make it easier to beat them in ww1 

    • Arabs did not trust GB to keep their promise 

  • After WW2, Gb was given mandate so jews started moving to Palestine 

  • WW2 encouraged Jewish migration 

  • British made UN decide=partition 

• Multiple Wars= war between US backed Israel and Arab backed palestine 

  • There were three more was after this

Conflict of India

Partitions into Pakistan and India -> displacement + migration -> fight for kashmir (Hindu leader but Muslim population)

Conflict in Iran

• Russia and Britain fought for control of Iran through a series of wars after oil was discovered 

• Russia and britain invaded Iran during WW2 to stop them from aligning with Nazis 

  • Installed Shah pahlavi to act as a puppet until Iranian Nationalists forced him to flee

  • Mohammad Mosaddgeh named prime minister and said he would nationalize oil

    • Us and GB overthrow 

    • Authoritarian regime 

• Iranian Revolution 

  • Revolutionary leaders rejected secularism 

  • Said Islam was key to governing

Conflict in South Africa

• Apartheid

• Desomond Tutu spoke out against = passport getting taking away -> Nelson Mandela in ANC started with C.D and started using violence -> put in jail

• Sharpeville Massacre= ANC organized protest outside Johannesburg without passport -> police firing on people + international condemnation 

• Soweto Massacre= Protest in John. for education to be taught in native african languages -> students dies to tear gas and live ammunition -> UN called for human rights violation and boycotted South Africa

Klerk became president -> ending apartheid + new constitution + universal suffrage -> Nelson becomes president

Conflict in Cambodia

• After WW2 cambodia was given independence

• Tried to remain non-aligned but was pulled into cold war 

• Khmer Rouge=communist guerilla under Pol Pot that overthrew gov.

  • Followed China's cultural revolution 

  • Slaughter and famine killed over 2 million

• Vietnam invaded cambodia to stop Khmer rouge 

  • Fighting continued but vietnam helped stabilize gov

  • This led to peace treaty allowing for free elections 

Conflict in Ireland

• Most of Ireland dominated by Roman Catholics became independent from UK but protestant dominated N. Ireland did not 

  • Catholics in N. Ireland faced discrimination and wanted to join Irish republic 

• Irish Republican Army(IRA)

  • Catholics 

  • Committed acts of terrorism/used violence to achieve goals 

  • Ulster Defense Association=protestants

  • Ended in a ceasefire and IRA renounced violence