APUSH first quiz flashcards

Cahokia

A city in what is now North America that was established due to trade. During its peak, 10,000 people lived there and had a lot of earthen mounds. It was near what is now St. Louis during the 1200s. This was a significant city as it showcased the complexity of Native American culture before colonization, similar to Europe, trade was also huge in North America.

Christopher Columbus

A person from Genoa, Italy that worked for the Portuguese in seafaring. Later, he went to Spain for support in his voyages. This was in 1492. Accidently found a sea-route to the Americas instead of discovering the extend eastward part of Asia.

African Slave Trade

Slaves being bought from Africa to the Americas as only using Native Americans as slaves began to be insufficient for the needs of the European settlers. This occurred in North/South America. It went on from 1502 onward. Set the ground for cultural syncretism within the Americas for example, certain crops were brought to the Americas from Africa.

Biological and Cultural Exchanges

Exchanges between the Europeans and Native Americans in the Americas. Some examples include diseases (from Europe to what is now the US; wiped out much of the indigenous population), crops, domestic livestock, etc. Occurred in North/Latin America from 1490s onwards. These changes are significant as it shows how the ground for colonization in the Western Hemisphere were set, and this was only the beginning.

Corn

Crop grown in the Americas prior to European intervention. It happened before European exploration to present. Shows how the Native Americans had various crops before colonization and the Europeans were introduced to corn which significantly changed their diets.

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors that settled in the America; were cruel to the people native to the land. This occurred in the Americas from the 1500s onwards. Started from when Cortes attacked the Aztecs which led to the Aztecs contracting chicken pox, it then allowed Cortes to rule over Aztec land. This set the ground for future Spanish conquerors in the Americas and impacted the Americas through colonization.

Encomienda

Licenses in which were by Spanish settlers to the Native Americans for the purpose of taking labor and tribute from them. It happened in St. Augustine Florida from the 1500s to 1600s. Gave Spanish settlers more power than the people native to the land during the 1500s to 1600s.

Henry Hudson

English explorer which worked under the Dutch. He was in England, the Netherlands, North America in 1609. A river was named after him; he sailed in a wide river which came to be known as the Hudson River. This led to a permanent Dutch presence to be established on the world.

Fur Trade

Trade during the French rule in the Americas, although it is said to have been more a native American thing than a French thing. This occurred near 1609. Allowed the French to strengthen their rule in the Americas for example, along the St. Lawrence River, agricultural estates were created.

Tenochtitlan

In present-day central Mexico, it was on a large island in a lake which was established by the Mexicas. By 1500, 100,000 people lived there and it became a powerful city that had buildings, schools, military, etc. Occurred in present day Mexico City, Mexico during the 1300s to 1500s. Aqueducts were connected through Tenochtitlan for water supplies. There were heavy taxes, medical systems, schools, organized military, and public buildings.

Separatists

Groups of people (specifically Puritan) that worshiped in the way that they wanted to. Occurred in England/America in 1558/1600s. They are significant as it shows how people went against traditional ways of worship. For example, in the Quaker group, preachers could be women. Which is different from traditional churches as men were predominantly working there.

Puritans

Protestants whose goals were to make the English Church purified. In England/America during the 1500s/1600s. Challenged the traditional way of worship and spread to the Americas which led to European religions having an impact on the culture.

Iroquois

Nations that were in present-day upstate New York. Some include the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. In present-day upstate New York before the Europeans. Prime example of civilizations in North America and shows how many groups native to that region were connected through similarities in language.

Pueblo Revolt

Revolt initiated by the Pueblo group in the land that the Spanish claimed. In North America during the year 1680. The Europeans wanted to impose Christianity on the people in the region where the Pueblos originated, which led to a major revolt which did not prove to be in favor of the Pueblos. After various revolts, the Spanish rule proved to be strong in the Americas.

Atlantic World

The connection Dutch, French, British, Spanish, and the west of Europe. In West Europe/America during the 1400s. Shows connectivity throughout the Western and Eastern Hemispheres, like the triangular trade routes.

Samuel de Champlain

Quebec’s founder and he led an attack that was caused by conflict between the French and Iroquois. In North America during the year 1609. Prime example of the presence of the French in North America, shows the power that was gained by the French which led to the creation of new places under the French rule.

Agricultural Technological Exchange

Between the colonists and the Native Americans, the colonist got technologies that allowed them to live better on the land. For example, canoe making. Occurred in 1607. The colonists were able to make a living using these exchanges which led to more and more Europeans migrating to the US.

Jamestown

First overseas colonies of the English. In Present-day United States (North America) during the year 1607. In the interior of the coastline, the English traded with the Native Americans from the intermediaries.

Anne Hutchinson

From Boston, she was a Puritan that was a huge religious figure during the 1600s. She challenged the “proper roles of women” in the society of Puritans. She also withstood any setbacks through the growth of her influence

Bacons Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against the Native Americans that were unhappy with European colonization. This was in Virginia during the year 1676. The rebellion had many consequences like landless men instability, from social indentures, preventing social unrest. Hatred for the Native Americans were heavily exploited.

Congregational Church

Church system in Plymouth and Massachusetts that allows the congregations to choose the minister and regulation of affairs during the 1530s. Did not follow the traditional ways of the English Church, this system stood alone and did not depend on the Anglican Church.

Dominion of New England

Something that connected Massachusetts’ government to the governments of the other New England colonies. This was in New England/North America during the late 1600s. It made Massachusetts a colony of New England and took control over it although it was not under the control of the English originally.

Headright system

They are 50-acre land grants that settlers could obtain in various ways. This was in Virginia during the year 1618. This allowed for more people to immigrate and settle in Virginia, and it let colonists run plantations.

Glorious Revolution

James II was voted out of the throne by the Parliament and his daughter (Mary II) took over the throne, this revolution put an end to Catholic monarchy in England. This occurred in England during the year 1688. An end to monarchy was put on Catholic monarchy in England, this led to the viceroy in New England (Andros) to be unseated but when he ran away, he got arrested.

John Smith

Famous world traveler at the age of 27 years, he helped 38 out of 144 men to survive. This was in Virginia during the early 1600s. Smith was known to have a rocky relation with the Native Americans; he would steal food from them if he could not negotiate for it.

John Winthrop

He got 1,000 people in seventeen ships to migrate to New England. This was in New England in the year 1630. He challenged the English rules using the Massachusetts Bay Company and due to multiple migrations, other settlements were created.

King Philip’s War

War between English colonists and the Wampanoags, this happened because of the imposition of English laws. This occurred in New England in the year 1675-76. Was an example of Native American resistance to Europeans but, this war put an end to (most) resistances to the European rule in New England. King Philip (Metacomet) ended up dying during this war.

Massachusetts Bay Company

Made by Puritans that wanted to purify the church, the Puritans obtained a royal charter from Charles I, that’s how they were able to create the company. This occurred in 1929. In New England, this allowed the Puritans to create a haven. Under this company, they conspired to buy out the other investors and mass move to the Americas.

Mayflower Compact

On the Mayflower, a document was signed by forty-one men. A civil government was established, and allegiance to the king was proclaimed. This was in Plymouth in 1620. This resulted in a pilgrim colony being established in the area, and town meetings were broad and were held to elect government officials.

Mercantilism

The limitation of imports while attempting to find markets for exports. This happened in European states and overseas during the 1500s. There was an increase in competition and interest in colonies oversea.

Pequot War

Occurred between the Dutch and the Pequots, the war was over land. This was in New Netherland during the year 1637. This shows the immense amount of power that the European colonists had; this wiped out most of the Pequot tribe.

Quakers

(The Society of Friends) they believed that everyone had an “Inner Light”, and women were able to have equal rights to men. This was in England during the mid-seventeenth century. Differed from the Puritans, they were pacificists, and did not have a government that was run by the church.

Roger Williams

He got banished from Massachusetts because he suggested that the church should be separated from the English Church. This was in Massachusetts/Rhode Island in the 1600s. Established Rhode Island, which did not support the Church of England and had religious freedom.

William Penn

He owned land of various valuable Irish estates and was a son to a Royal Navy admiral. This was in Europe/North America in the late 1600s. Established Pennsylvania, which was named after his father. He converted to Quakerism and attempted to respect Native American culture.

House of Burgesses

Various communities’ delegates came together to meet in Jamestown’s Church on July 30, 1619. The first meeting of an elected legislature happened between these groups; this happened because of the self-governance system.

Enlightenment Ideals

Explained by rational scientific lines, people have control over their lives and societies. Occurred in Europe/Americas during the 1600s/1700s. People began to not blindly believe in God, instead they started to use rational thought and question things.

Stono Rebellion

Several white people killed by 100 enslaved people then tried to flee to Florida. This was in North Carolina in 1739. One of many rebellions of slavery, however, was quickly put to an end as most participants got executed.

George Whitefield

He spread the word of the Great Awakening and made many tours throughout the colonies. This was in North America during the 1730s. The Great Awakening was spread due to his preaching, and it made the concept popular.

Johnathan Edwards

An important figure in spreading the word about the Great Awakening. This was in North America during the year 1730. He scared people into believing the word of the Great Awakening due to the explicit descriptions of hell and how God had the absolute sovereignty.

John Zenger

Publisher in New York that was supported by Andrew Hamilton (a lawyer), criticized a government official in a newspaper. This occurred in New York from 1734-1735. His criticisms opened some freedoms for the press which were seen either as divine will or natural order.

Jeremiad

These were servants of despair that deplored waning piety signs. This was in New England in the 1660s. They were seen as a threat to New Englanders since deploring piety signs seemed like a problem.

Great Awakening

Within the colonies, it was a new wave of religious fervor that was popular among women and the third/fourth generation settler’s younger sons. This was in Puritan New England during the 1700s. This was made up of groups of people that emigrated together from Europe to America, which led to the establishment of towns that were able to deal with problems without involvement from the colonial government.

Triangular Trade

Exchange of goods from New England to Africa and Africa to the West Indies. The goods traded were rum, enslaved people, and sugar. Occurred during the 1700s. Beginning of the world becoming connected to each other and an example of diaspora as slaves were taken from Africa to the Western Hemisphere which also spread culture.

Middle Passage

Was a voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that carried enslaved people to the Americas. This was in Africa/Americas during the 1700s. Many people died on the way and were thrown overboard, at least eleven million Africans were brought to the Americas, and they were not treated well on the way as they were closely compacted in the journeys.

Scots-Irish

People from the Ulster Province in North Ireland that left for America because the English government doubled and tripled rent. This happened after 1710. They came to America and didn’t care about which parts that they were settling in, whether the land was English or Native American.

Slave Codes

Absolute authority was ensured to slaveholders and those who were considered slaves had their rights limited. This was in the Americas in the 1700s. It’s an example of racism that was only based on the skin color. It didn’t matter whether the person was fully black or mixed, if they had African ancestry, they were considered as slaves.

Cotton Mather

A theologian who discovered that if people were to get injected with mild smallpox cases, they would become immune to the disease. This was in New England during the 1720s. Finding a way to make people immune to smallpox was the start in finding medicines/vaccines to treat illnesses.

Old Lights

They were traditionalists that believed in the traditional ways of worship. This was in Europe/Americas in the 1730s to 1740s. They were not supporters of the Great Awakening.

New Lights

Revivalists that were in favor of the Great Awakening. This was in Europe/Americas during the 1730s-1740s. Schools were founded based on these theologies, book learning was denounced, and secular education was repudiated.

Salem Witch Trial

At least 20 people died and most of them were women. This is because some people were accused of witchcraft, mainly those who were widows and unmarried women that owned property. This was during the 1690s. This shows how people were threatened by independent women which was not normal at that time so, they resorted to accusing them of witchcraft

Covenant

Something that binds every religious and social commitment resident to harmony and unity. This was in Puritan New England during the 1700s. This was made up of groups of people that emigrated together from Europe to America, which led to the establishment of towns that were able to deal with problems without involvement from the colonial government.