Gastrointestinal Disorders Review

Comprehensive flashcards covering Pyloric Stenosis, Peptic Ulcer Disease, GERD, and Cleft Lip/Palate including pathophysiology, assessments, and pharmacology.

Pyloric Stenosis

Narrowing of the pyloric canal between the stomach and duodenum, blocking food from entering the small intestines, causing forceful vomiting and constant hunger in infants.

Olive-shaped lump

A characteristic physical finding located by the umbilicus in the epigastric area in infants with Pyloric Stenosis.

Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy

A surgical procedure used to treat pyloric stenosis by making an incision in the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus.

Peptic Ulcer Disease

The development of a circumscribed lesion (ulcer) in the mucosal membrane of the lower esophagus, stomach, duodenum, or jejunum.

Duodenal Ulcer

A type of chronic ulcer affecting the proximal part of the small intestine, characterized by burning pain occurring 2 to 3 hours after food intake, often relieved by food or antacids.

Gastric Ulcer

An ulcer occurring in the stomach lining, often causing pain immediately or 0.5 to 1 hour after meals, which may be worsened by food.

$Helicobacter\,pylori$ ($H.\,pylori$)

A spiral-shaped bacterium that accounts for 90% of duodenal ulcers and 70% to 90% of gastric ulcers by releasing toxins that promote mucosal inflammation.

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES)

A rare condition characterized by hypersecretion of gastrin, duodenal ulcers, and gastrinomas (islet cell tumors) in the pancreas or duodenum.

Curling Ulcer

A type of stress ulcer frequently observed after extensive burn injuries, often involving the antrum of the stomach or the duodenum.

Cushing Ulcer

A stress ulcer common in patients with traumatic head injury or brain tumors, caused by increased intracranial pressure overstimulating the vagal nerve to secrete $HCl$.

Hematemesis

The vomiting of blood, which may appear bright red or have a dark coffee grounds appearance due to the oxidation of hemoglobin.

Melena

Tarry black stools caused by the passage of digested hemoglobin, often indicating a small or slow GI hemorrhage.

Triple Therapy

A drug regimen for $H.\,pylori$ involving a proton pump inhibitor combined with two antibiotics, such as clarithromycin and amoxicillin.

Quadruple Therapy

A treatment for $H.\,pylori$ consisting of a proton pump inhibitor, bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, and metronidazole.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

Medications like omeprazole and lansoprazole that decrease gastric acid secretion by slowing the $H^+, K^+-ATPase$ pump on the parietal cells.

Histamine-2 (H2) Receptor Antagonists

Drugs such as cimetidine and famotidine that decrease the amount of $HCl$ produced by blocking histamine receptors on parietal cells.

Misoprostol

A synthetic prostaglandin $E_1$ analogue that protects the gastric mucosa and is used to prevent ulceration in patients using NSAIDs; contraindicated in pregnancy.

Sucralfate

An antiulcer protectant that creates a viscous substance in the presence of gastric acid to form a protective barrier over an ulcer.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

The backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus past the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) without associated belching or vomiting.

Barrett Esophagus

A complication of GERD involving metaplasia of the esophageal mucosa, which may increase the risk of neoplasm.

Nissen Fundoplication

A surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) used to treat GERD by wrapping the gastric fundus around the lower esophagus to reinforce the LES.

Billroth I (Gastroduodenostomy)

A surgical procedure involving the removal of the lower portion of the antrum of the stomach with the remaining segment anastomosed to the duodenum.

Billroth II (Gastrojejunostomy)

A surgical procedure where the lower portion of the stomach is removed and the remaining part is anastomosed to the jejunum, leaving a duodenal stump.

Vagotomy

The severing of the vagus nerve to decrease gastric acid by diminishing cholinergic stimulation to the parietal cells.

Dumping Syndrome

A postoperative complication where hypertonic chyme enters the small intestine rapidly, causing fluid shifts, distention, palpitations, and dizziness.

ESSR Method

A feeding technique for infants with cleft lip/palate: Enlarge the nipple, Stimulate sucking, allow time to Swallow, and allow the baby to Rest.

Cleft Lip/Palate

An abnormal fusion of tissue of the palate and lip that normally occurs in the second and third months of pregnancy.