child development test 2

Which of these tend to dominate the first few months of a newborn's life?

oral exploration

At approximately what age are infants first surprised by a box if it appears to remain suspended in midair?

3 months

 Infants as young as 1 month blink defensively at an expanding image that appears to be an object heading toward them. Therefore, infants are sensitive to which of the following?

optical expansion

Baillargeon's research on infants' mental representation demonstrated which of the following?

infants can mentally represent objects before they can reach for them

Baillargeon's classic experiments using the violation-of-expectation procedure demonstrate infants can mentally represent hidden objects at what age?

3 ½ months

The other race effect (ORE) is a well-established finding that indicates what about human adults?

adults find it easier to distinguish between faces of their own racial groups than from other racial groups

Which of the following is true of infants who tend to habituate relatively quickly (and thus show a preference for novelty)?

they have higher IQs when tested at age 18

A young child is touched on the cheek and promptly turns his head to the side that was touched. What does this example illustrate?

the rooting reflex

Which cue is particularly informative to babies for object segregation?   

preferential looking

Ted thinks cats have a certain “catness,” dogs have a certain “dogness,” and horses have a certain “horseness.” What concept is he exhibiting?

essentialism

Recent research on the relations among understanding of space, time, and number indicates that infants possess which of the following combinations of concepts?

only a general concept of magnitude but not specific concepts of time, space, and number

What developmental skill will help infants learn about the spatial layout of the house in which they live?

self-locomotion

A 2-year-old child offering a toy to a playmate who is unhappy is an example of the functioning of:

naive psychology

Which example illustrates a category hierarchy that moves from the superordinate to the basic to the subordinate level?

animal, dog, husky

Which statement regarding false-belief problems is TRUE?

Studying children’s responses to false-belief problems demonstrates whether they understand that other people’s action are determined by the contents of their own minds, rather than by the objective truth of a situation

Which of these is a hypothesized brain mechanism that is devoted to understanding other people?

theory of mind (ToMM)

Tommy, age 4 months, is habituated to seeing three objects falling in a constant sequence. Later, he is surprised by and looks longer at the objects falling in a different order. This example demonstrates that Tommy has knowledge of what?

temporal order

In the Smarties false-belief task the experimenter shows kids a box of candy called Smarties and asks children what is inside. All children will answer, “Smarties.” Next, she will show them that the box actually contains pencils. Finally, she will ask them what a friend who has not seen the contents of the box would say was inside. Three-year-olds will answer _____, and 5-year-olds will answer _____.

pencils, smarties

The coding of spatial locations relative to one's own body, without regard to surroundings, is referred to as what?

egocentric spatial representations

Three-month-old Ryan is shown a photo of a horse repeatedly until he loses

interest and looks away. Next, he is shown a photo of a fish and he stares at the

photo for a long time. What is this an example of?

dishabituation

In Woodward and colleagues' “teddy bear and ball” studies, what did 11-month-

olds do after being habituated to a human arm reaching for an object?

subsequently looked at the goal object in the test display before the human hand actually moved to the goal object

In a preferential looking task, an infant is shown an orange sphere and an orange

disk. The results show that the infant doesn't spend any more time looking at one

than at the other. What is reasonable to conclude from this result?

the child is unable to discriminate between the orange sphere and the orange disk

 An infant is allowed to play with a toy block in the dark so that she cannot see it.

Later, she is shown a picture of the block and a picture of a ball. If she looks longer

at the picture of the ball because it is novel, what has she demonstrated?

that she can represent information intermodally

The findings of a "name extension paradigm" experiment were discussed in class,

but were not presented in the book. In this experiment, children were sometimes

told about the affordances of objects and sometimes not. In this study, what did the

researchers demonstrate to be the most important property that children tend to

use to categorize objects?

the objects function/affordances

What is newborn vision like (as compared to adult vision)?

poor acuity, low contrast sensitivity, minimal color vision

Which of the following cues is most important for infants' object segregation (that

is, for telling which things in the environment are different objects or parts of the

same object)?

motion

Which is the first concept to develop as infants learn about objects being able or

not being able to support each other?

contact/ object permanence

A two-year-old attempts to slide down a dollhouse-sized slide. What is this is an

example of?

scale error

A child pushes their father's favorite lamp over, breaking it. The father gets angry,

grabs the child's arm and yells "You were just determined to break something

today, weren't you?" The child cries and begins to avoid all lamps because of the

unpleasant memory. What happened when the father added his angry response to

change lamp-breaking behavior?

classical conditioning/ positive punishment

Learning the relations between one's own behavior and its consequences is called

what?

operant conditioning

In one study, older infants who no longer displayed the neonatal stepping reflex

were suspended waist-deep in a tank of water and resumed stepping. What did

this finding demonstrate?

the neural basis for the stepping movement remains throughout infancy but is masked by weight gain/ neonatal stepping reflex

What are the smallest units of MEANING in a language?

morpheme

Thirteen-month-old Lydia calls all men “Daddy.” What is this an example of?

overextension

Which phrase is an example of overregularization?

using the word gooses for geese, runned for ran, I goes to the park instead of went, applying a rule where it doesn’t belong (rule learning process in language development)

Language is a _____ behavior, which means that only humans acquire language in

the normal course of development.

species specific

Studies that demonstrate children being generally better language learners than are

adults provide evidence for which idea?

critical period hypothesis

A young girl came to the United States from Korea at age 5, her mother was 30 at

the time. Twenty years later, when given a test of English grammar, how might the

daughter and mother have performed?

the daughter scored the same as a native English speaker would, but her mom scored almost 60 points lower

What are the most elementary units of language sounds?

phonemes

According to Chomksy's nativist view, all languages share common principles and

rules that govern their use. What is this phenomenon called?

universal grammar

In an experiment used to test the “mutual exclusivity” constraint on word learning,

children saw a familiar and unfamiliar item. Which object(s) did children select when

they were asked to “Show me the blicket”? Why?

unfamiliar item

Young children's drawings of the human figure typically take the “tadpole” form.

What is a "tadpole" form?

children draw legs on the bottom and the arms on the side, yet the limbs emerge from its head

What is an example of overregularization?

is “She runned fast” (instead of “She ran fast”). Here, the child applies the regular past-tense rule (adding “-ed”) to an irregular verb (“run”), which should be “ran.” This error, typical in 2- to 4-year-olds, shows they’ve internalized grammar rules but overapply them before mastering exceptions, a sign of active language learning.

"An infinite number of sentences and ideas can be expressed through a finite set of

words". What idea does this quote refer to?

generativity (productivity) of language

oddler Arielle sees a baby being tickled by a boy and hears her mother say, “The

boy is tickling the baby.” Arielle has never heard anyone use the word “tickling.”

Arielle figures out that “tickling” is what the boy is doing to the baby, not what the

baby is doing (laughing and waving her arms in delight). How does Arielle do this?

syntactic bootstrapping/ tickling refers to what the boy did, it describes the boys’ action on the baby

What statements about toddlers and word order would be true?

children know about the correct order for word combinations before they put two words together themselves

Early estimates suggested the prevalence of autism to be approximately 4 to 5 per

10,000 live births. More recent estimates suggest a much higher rate. According to

lecture, which of the following is probably the reason behind much (if not most or

all) of the increased rate of autism diagnosis?

criteria changed, improved diagnostic criteria and greater awareness

What does the "False Photograph Task" tell us about the abilities of (some) people

with autism?

            -may have a selective difficulty with reasoning about beliefs, performing better on tasks involving photographs or drawings than on tasks requiring understanding of false beliefs

            -mechanisms used in ASD is based on logical reasoning instead of understanding thoughts and beliefs of others

When children incorrectly answer the False Belief, False Contents, and

Appearance-Reality tasks, their WRONG answer seems to be actually driven by

what?

egocentrism/ reality bias/ their ability to understand people’s reasoning

Young children have difficulty understanding that plants are alive because children

equate being alive with what?

movement/ agency/ being able to move and act independently

What is main findings of cross-cultural research on the timing of children's

understanding of false beliefs?

the pattern of development is very consistent across cultures

A study demonstrates that the "posting (mailing) procedure" doesn't help people

with autism pass the deceptive box (Smarties) task. What does this suggest about

the nature of autism?

- this suggests that individuals with autism have specific impairment of social understanding

            - autism do not employ a theory of mind, and children with autism have particular difficulties with tasks requiring the child to understand another person’s beliefs

           -This suggests that autism involves a core difficulty with theory of mind

The coding of spatial locations relative to one's own body, without regard to

surroundings, is referred to as what?

egocentric spatial coding or body-cented spatial coding/ egocentric representation

Recognize a category hierarchy that moves from the superordinate to the basic to

the subordinate level.

animal, dog, husky

What developmental skill will help infants learn about the spatial layout of the house

in which they live?

self-locomotion, spatial navigation/cognition supported by self-locomotion

What answers to young children and older children give to the false belief tasks

discussed here?

-studying children’s responses to false-belief problems demonstrates whether they understand that other people’s actions are determined by the contents of their own minds, rather than by the objective truth of a situation

- young children (around 3 years old) often fail to understand that others can hold beliefs different from their own, while older children (around 4-5 years old) tend to correctly infer the false belief of the other person

False belief tasks assess a child’s theory of mind—the ability to understand that others can hold beliefs different from their own. Responses differ by age due to developmental changes in perspective-taking:

A child who is engaged in lots of pretend play is clearly capable of what cognitive ability

symbolic representation