demography (globalisation and migration)

differentiation

P: globalisation increases diversity in types of migrants-

E: Vertovec: since 1990s super diversity has evolved- wider range of ethnic groups and diversity within ethnic groups eg. legal status as citizens and spouses, culture, religion, location

R: Cohen: 3 types of migrants

citizens- full citizenship rights, UK has made this harder since 1970

denizens- privileged foreign nationals welcomed by state eg. highly paid employees of multinational companies

helots- exploited group of unskilled, poorly paid workers eg. domestic servants & illegally trafficked

C: New Right eg. Goodhart- ignores importance of cohesion and national identity

feminisation of migration

P: almost half of global migrants are now female- led to globalisation of the gender division of labour—> female migrants are forced into patriarchal roles of women’s careers

E: Ehrenreich & Hochschild- care, domestic & sex work in western countries is increasingly done by women from poor countries

expansion of service occupations = demand for female labour

western women have joined labour force and are less willing to do domestic and western men are unwillingly to do domestic work

R: Shutes- 40% of adult care nurses in UK are migrants

transfer of womens emotional labour- migrant nannies care for employers children at expense of their children

migrant women are also used as ‘mail order’ brides- reflects gender and racial stereotypes

C: ignoring struggle of men in workforce 50% of immigrant men in low paid manual labour

transnational identities

P: likely to develop hybrid identities from multiple sources eg. family, ethnicity, religion etc

E: Eade- second gen Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain made hierarchal identities- Muslim, Bengali then British

may find others challenge this identity or can’t fit in

R: Eriksen- globalisation has created more diverse migration patterns with back and forth movements

migrants see themselves as belonging to more than one country and culture- technology means global ties can be sustained

globalised economy- migrants may have more links to migrants around the world rather than their country of origin or settlement

eg. Chinese migrants in Rome found mandarin more useful than Italian for global connections—> less likely to desire assimilation

C: New Right eg. Murray- emphasise importance of national identity

assimilation

P: first state policy for migration- encouraging immigrants to adopt their host culture

E: Eriksen- can be superficial

shallow diversity- eg. chicken tikka massala as Britain’s national dish is acceptable to the state

deep diversity- arranged marriages and veils are not acceptable

critics argue multicultural educational policies are shallow and don’t address deeper issues such as racism

since 9/11 there’s been a demand for assimilation eg. in 2010 veiling of the face was made illegal in France

R:Castles- assimilationist policies are counterproductive as they ‘other’ minorities—> they then emphasise their differences eg. Islamic fundamentalism—> increased suspicion and marginalisation

divided working class- workers scapegoat migrants for social problems

C: Durkehim- emphasises need for shared norms and values in society

decline in birth rate- women’s position

P: changing attitudes, contraceptives, legal equality, divorce

E: in 2012 1/5 women aged 45 were childless- double number 25 years earlier

R: Harper- education of women is most important factor- see more possibilities beyond motherhood and delay childbearing or have none to prioritise their career

C: feminists eg. Ansley- women are still trapped in patriarchal society and expected to have children

decline in infant mortality rate

E: Harper- fall in IMR = fall in birth rate- if infants survive parents don’t need to have more to replace them

R: from 1950s medical factors played greater role- mass immunisation, antibiotics, improved midwifery & obstetric techniques—> 2012- 1/40 of 1900

C: Brass & Kabir- trend in smaller families started in urban areas where IMR remained higher for longer- fall in IMR doesn’t lead to fall in birth rates

medical improvements

P: medical improvements- increase in knowledge and NHS in 1948

E: Tranter- over ¾ of decline in death rate from 1850-1970 was due to fall in infectious diseases eg. TB, measles, smallpox- most common amongst the young- began to decline due to natural resistance

R: McKeown- argues improved nutrition accounted for half of reduction in death rates = increased resistance to infection

C: Harper- greatest fall in death rates is due to reduction in smokers not medicine

in 21st cen. obesity has replaced smoking- in 2012 ¼ of UK adults were obese → obesity deaths kept low due to drugs

public health measures

P: in 20th cen more effective gov. with power to enforce laws led to improvements in public health and environment

eg. housing improvements, purer drinking water, improved sewage disposal

E: Clean Air Act reduced air pollution eg. 1952 smog that led to 4000 deaths in 5 days

R: Harper- predicts we will soon reach ‘radical longevity’ with more centenarians (those over 100)

approx 10,000 in UK now, predicted 1 mil by 2100

C: economic issues of such a large population unaddressed

effects of ageing population

P: elderly consume larger proportion of public services- strain on health services and changes to policies eg. provision of housing

E: increase of one person pensioner households- 1 in 8 of all households- majority female as they live longer

amongst over-75s there’s twice as many women- feminisation of later life

R: Marxist Phillipson- old are no use to capitalism so state are unwilling to support them forcing family, specifically female, to care for them

ageing population leads to increased ageism eg. discrimination in employment and health care

ageism due to ‘structured dependency’- old are excluded from paid work making them economically dependent on family & state- in modern society status is defined by role in production

C: Hunt- age doesn’t define people

the old become a market for range of goods to create their identity eg. anti ageing products

emphasis on surface features- body becomes a surface on which to write an identity- products allow the old to write different one

inequality among the old

P: inequality amongst the elderly

E: Age Concern (2004)- 29% reported suffering age discrimination more than any other form

R: Pilcher- impact of class and gender on identity

class- m/c have better pensions & savings, poor have shorter life expectancy and suffer more infirmity- harder to maintain youthful identity

gender- women earn less & take more career breaks = less pension, subject to ageist stereotyping eg. old hags

C: Davies and Moore- inequality is necessary for the functioning of society