eab 4798 fiu final

When examining behavioral variability, the greatest detail can be found by:
Group of answer choices

summarizing the responding that occurs during each session into a single value

comparing simultaneous but independent observations from two or more observers

looking at the distribution of individual responses over time during an observation period

summarizing measures of responding across individual sessions

looking at the distribution of individual responses over time during an observation period

Variation in features of responding within a single response class as well as variations in the summary measures of that class is referred to as:
Group of answer choices

intrinsic variability

extrinsic variability

behavioral variability

intersubject variability

behavioral variability

Bobby has trouble sitting still in class, and a behavior consultant works with a teacher to implement a clinical program in which she praises Bobby when staying in his seat. Bobby's sitting behavior increases, and the teacher concludes to the behavior consultant that her praise was responsible for the change. The teacher does not realize that Bobby has started taking medication that causes fatigue. In this example, the medication is serving as:
Group of answer choices

the response class

an extraneous variable

the dependent variable

the independent variable

an extraneous variable

In the most general sense, ______ is the subject matter of all sciences.
Group of answer choices

variability

inquiry

knowledge

creativity

variability

What is the problem for the study of behavior with using data from groups of subjects who are exposed to either the control or experimental condition alone?
Group of answer choices

There is an increased risk of having sequence effects alter responding

It leads to data that mixes behavioral variability with intersubject variability

There is no problem in using this form of experimental design

It increases the likelihood that the group will behave in ways not anticipated by the researcher

It leads to data that mixes behavioral variability with intersubject variability

A(n) ______ is an effect of a participant's behavior resulting from exposure to a prior condition.
Group of answer choices

episode

response product

sequence effect

reversal effect

sequence effect

Researchers and practitioners examine behavioral variability using all of the following approaches, except:
Group of answer choices

looking at the distribution of individual responses over time and across various stimulus conditions

summarizing the responding that occurs during each session into a single value

summarizing measures of responding across individual sessions

comparing simultaneous but independent observations from two or more observers

comparing simultaneous but independent observations from two or more observers

________ variability refers to the differences in responding between participants.
Group of answer choices

Intraparticipant

Outerparticipant

Intersubject

Intrasubject

Intersubject

What are three kinds of biological influences on variability in behavior?
Group of answer choices

Developmental processes, intelligence, and environmental effects on body functions

Cyclic physiological processes, developmental processes, and environmental effects on body functions

Environmental effects on body functions, cyclic physiological processes, and intelligence

Intelligence, cyclic physiological processes, and developmental processes

Cyclic physiological processes, developmental processes, and environmental effects on body functions

The traditional assumption is that variability is ______ to the nature of organisms.
Group of answer choices

internal

intrinsic

external

extrinsic

intrinsic

What are the methodological consequences of assuming that behavioral variability is extrinsic?
Group of answer choices

It may encourage the investigator to conduct fewer behavioral observations since the variability is an unavoidable aspect of the behavior

It may encourage investigators to focus on private events of participants to understand variability

It requires the investigator to focus throughout the study or clinical treatment on specific features of the relations between behavior of the individual and the environment

Investigators may sacrifice experimental control for the sake of accommodating large variability

It requires the investigator to focus throughout the study or clinical treatment on specific features of the relations between behavior of the individual and the environment

While eliminating extraneous variables to help manage behavioral variability has many advantages, it can also be problematic. All of the following are disadvantages associated with this tactic, except:
Group of answer choices

it is so difficult to do that the investigator's time is often better spent on other issues

it can cause difficulties in attempting to make any generalizations

it creates an artificial condition that may not be representative of the real environment

it limits the possibility of serendipitous discoveries

it is so difficult to do that the investigator's time is often better spent on other issues

An experiment that compares two different groups of subjects, one of which experiences the independent variable and the other of which does not experience the independent variable is a ______ design:
Group of answer choices

reversal

within-subject

single-subject

between-groups

between-groups

sure that any change in responding during a particular phase is due only to the ______.
Group of answer choices

dependent variable

independent variable

inherent variable

extraneous variable

independent variable

When examining behavioral variability, the greatest detail can be found by:
Group of answer choices

looking at the distribution of individual responses over time during an observation period

summarizing measures of responding across individual sessions

comparing simultaneous but independent observations from two or more observers

summarizing the responding that occurs during each session into a single value

looking at the distribution of individual responses over time during an observation period

What are the three general functions served by behavioral variability?
Group of answer choices

Motivates investigator curiosities; guides experimental/clinical decisions; brings the investigator's behavior under control of the subject matter

Guides experimental/clinical decisions; provides foundation for interpretations; brings the investigator's behavior under control of the subject matter

Provides foundation for interpretations; motivates investigator curiosities; brings the investigator's behavior under control of the subject matter

Guides experimental/clinical decisions; provides foundation for interpretations; motivates investigator curiosities

Guides experimental/clinical decisions; provides foundation for interpretations; motivates investigator curiosities

______ is a method of arranging comparisons between control and experimental (or treatment) conditions in which different groups of subjects are exposed to control and experimental conditions so that the data represent the combined performance of individual participants who have experienced only one of the conditions.
Group of answer choices

Within-phases design

Between-phases design

Within-groups design

Between-groups design

Between-groups design

Researchers and practitioners examine behavioral variability using all of the following approaches, except:
Group of answer choices

summarizing measures of responding across individual sessions

summarizing the responding that occurs during each session into a single value

comparing simultaneous but independent observations from two or more observers

looking at the distribution of individual responses over time and across various stimulus conditions

comparing simultaneous but independent observations from two or more observers

The phrase ______ refers to how researchers arrange comparisons between control and experimental conditions so as to permit inferences about any effects independent variables may have on responding.
Group of answer choices

between-group design

within-subject design

sequence effect

experimental design

experimental design

What does it mean to propose that variability in behavior is intrinsic?
Group of answer choices

Variability is inherent in organisms and cannot be influenced by environmental factors

Variability is describable, explainable and predictable

Variability in behavior is a result of biological and environmental influences

Variability is a description of covert behaviors and events

Variability is inherent in organisms and cannot be influenced by environmental factors

The only source of variability whose impact is intentional is the ______.
Group of answer choices

organism

extraneous variable

dimensional quantity

independent variable

independent variable

______ criteria usually specify a limited amount of variability that will be permitted over a certain number of data points.
Group of answer choices

Nondata

Descriptive

Statistical

Graphical

Statistical

______ is a measure of variability defined by the highest and lowest values in a data set.
Group of answer choices

Rate

Range

Level

Trend

Range

Just because some aspect of responding is stable, one should not conclude that the ______ is also stable.
Group of answer choices

participant

environment

observer

researcher

environment

The most popular approach to determine stability criteria is based on:
Group of answer choices

nondata criterion

graphical analysis

descriptive analysis

statistical analysis

graphical analysis

The steady-state strategy is valuable for all of the following reasons, except:
Group of answer choices

it can encourage curiosity about other measurement decisions

it ensures that data being recorded will be valid

it evaluates experimental control

it facilitates experimental comparisons

it ensures that data being recorded will be valid

By giving a participant repeated exposure first to the baseline condition and then to the intervention condition, the researcher is trying to get a graphical picture of responding under each condition that is ______ and ______.
Group of answer choices

calibrated; absolute

valid; believable

complete; representative

reliable; accurate

complete; representative

If a researcher is measuring the duration of a target behavior and achieves a steady state of responding, they can then conclude what about the frequency of that target behavior?
Group of answer choices

That the frequency of the target behavior has also achieved a steady state of responding

They cannot make any conclusions about the frequency of the target behavior

That the target behavior is increasing in frequency

That the target behavior is decreasing in frequency

They cannot make any conclusions about the frequency of the target behavior

If data show that responding is unstable under either the baseline condition or the treatment condition, the investigator should assume that these variations must be due to:
Group of answer choices

the dependent variable

sequence effects

the independent variable

extraneous variables

extraneous variables

A relatively consistent change in data in a single direction is called a(n) ______.
Group of answer choices

transitory state

cycle

transition state

trend

trend

The researcher or practitioner must be sure that data being compared fully represent the impact of each condition, so that any differences in responding that are seen may be attributed to the ______.
Group of answer choices

dependent variable

independent variable

extraneous variables

researchers decisions

independent variable

If you repeatedly exposed each subject to a condition in an effort to control or eliminate extraneous influences and allow the condition to fully represent its effects on behavior, you would be using:
Group of answer choices

an interval agreement procedure

discontinuous observation

a between-groups design

the steady-state strategy

the steady-state strategy

Identifying transition and transitory states is a matter of:
Group of answer choices

demonstrating stable responding across sessions

identifying the steady states preceding and following the transition

determining how long each phase should last

statistical analysis

identifying the steady states preceding and following the transition

A pattern of responding involving change from one steady state to a different steady state is called a .
Group of answer choices

transition state

cycle

trend

transitory state

transition state

The figure below is an example of data that are in:
Group of answer choices

a steady state

a transition state

a cycle

a transitory state

a transition state

The steady state strategy involves measuring responding for each participant repeatedly under both baseline and experimental/treatment conditions, with the objective of obtaining a stable pattern of responding that represents _________.
Group of answer choices

the full effects of each condition

what would happen if another variable was introduced

the highest data points in the set

how often data were collected

the full effects of each condition

The rule for whether you draw a line connecting a Tuesday data point to a Thursday data point when there was no observation on Wednesday is: if the behavior could have occurred but was not observed ______ the data points. If the behavior could not have occurred ______ the data points:
Group of answer choices

connect; connect

do not connect; do not connect

connect; do not connect

do not connect; connect

connect; do not connect

In general, it is a good idea for data analysis to proceed from ______ techniques to ______ procedures.
Group of answer choices

Statistical; graphical

Relatively simple; more complex

More complex; relatively simple

Repeated measures; multiple baseline

Relatively simple; more complex

Researchers should begin data analysis:
Group of answer choices

as soon as there are data to analyze

after each phase of the study is completed

once interobserver agreement is at an acceptable level

once they have finished collecting all of the data

as soon as there are data to analyze

Although two different graphical analyses of the same data set may be constructed correctly, they would likely evoke different _______ from viewers.
Group of answer choices

target behavior definitions

calculations

journal publication decisions

interpretations of results

interpretations of results

The more an analytical technique changes the picture of the behavioral results as they actually happened, the greater the risk the interpretations are swayed more by the ________ than by ______.
Group of answer choices

results; data

results; individual

data; results

technique; results

technique; results

When displaying time on the horizontal axis, why is it important to represent time continuously?
Group of answer choices

Displaying time continuously allows the investigator to save space on the axis

Representing time in a discontinuous manner can hide variability in the data

By depicting time in a continuous manner, the researcher decreases the likelihood that the data will be influenced by extraneous variables

Displaying a continuous measure of time increases the likelihood that the data are reliable

Representing time in a discontinuous manner can hide variability in the data

What makes the cumulative recorder valuable is not so much the cumulative picture it creates but the fact that it locates individual responses on a horizontal axis representing ______.
Group of answer choices

time

percent of scored intervals

count

celeration

time

A collation of data across participants should not occur until:
Group of answer choices

the interobserver agreement score is at an acceptable level

data collection has been completed

the data analysis on each individual's responding is complete

any data that is not representative has been discarded

the data analysis on each individual's responding is complete

All of the following are acceptable reasons for discarding data, except:
Group of answer choices

the participant was sick

the independent variable was not presented as originally intended

the investigator does not agree with what the data are indicating

the equipment being used to measure responding malfunctioned

the participant was sick

When attempting to determine which calculations or kinds of graphs might highlight suspected features, one can look at the ______ and ______ of responding as each phase unfolds.
Group of answer choices

Variability; reliability

Ebb; flow

Accuracy; believability

Believability; validity

Ebb; flow

______ interval scales allow descriptions of events that show how much they differ in terms of equal ratios between values:
Group of answer choices

whole

linear

logarithmic

partial

logarithmic

Summarizing data across participants is problematic because
Group of answer choices

there are limits of what can be said based on group data

a group "effect" not found in individual records should not be considered a sole result of treatment

all of the above are problematic limitations

there is no such thing as a "group" organism

all of the above are problematic limitations

Summarizing data within participants may occur in which two ways?
Group of answer choices

The investigator may summarize data over periods of time or across participants

The investigator may summarize data across environmental variables or over periods of time

The investigator may summarize data across participants or environmental variables

The investigator may summarize data over periods of time or across studies

The investigator may summarize data across environmental variables or over periods of time

Shanice is a BCBA who is graphing her client's data. Why are graphs important for her clinical work?
Group of answer choices

Data influence her interpretations of results of clinical interventions

Data serve as stimuli that influence her reactions to what is going on with her client's behavior

Data encourage her to make the most effective treatment decisions

All of these are reasons graphs are important

All of these are reasons graphs are important

When data contain one or two outliers, the investigator should do what to the vertical axis?
Group of answer choices

Discard the outliers and place the remaining data in the graph

Insert a break in the vertical axis to accommodate those data points and not have to compress the scale for the remaining values

Change the values on the vertical axis to accommodate the outliers and keep them in the correct spatial relation to the remaining values

Select values that will display the majority of the data points and then include a note that tells the observer about the outliers

Change the values on the vertical axis to accommodate the outliers and keep them in the correct spatial relation to the remaining values

When deciding what unit of time to use on the horizontal axis, the investigator should select:
Group of answer choices

the unit of time that has been used most frequently by similar studies

the largest unit of time likely to show systematic variability

the highest and lowest values in the data set and take their average

the smallest unit of time likely to show systematic variability

the smallest unit of time likely to show systematic variability

On a typical graph used in behavioral research, ______ is indicated on the horizontal axis and ______ is indicated on the vertical axis:
Group of answer choices

celeration; latency

responding; time

time; responding

frequency; duration

time; responding

Not all data are worthy of _________.
Group of answer choices

recording

analysis

accumulation

collection

analysis

The basic purpose of inferential statistics is to make statements about a ______ based on data from a _________.
Group of answer choices

standard error; confidence interval

population; sample

confidence interval; standard error

sample; population

population; sample

In single group pretest-posttest design, the dependent measure is administered to all in the group when the study begins and after they have ______________.
Group of answer choices

entered follow up phase

finished assessment tests

finished pre-test assessments

been exposed to a treatment

been exposed to a treatment

What does "statistical significance" refer to?

How significant the number of participants is
The significance of random assignment
The significance of experimental control
How significant differences in measures are

How significant differences in measures are

Group-designs are also referred to as ______ designs.
Group of answer choices

small-n

RCT

large-n

randomized-n

large-n

________ is when participants drop out of a study.
Group of answer choices

Blinding

Performance bias

Attrition

Assessment bias

Attrition

Cohort studies are concerned with:
Group of answer choices

Administering pre- and posttest measures to groups of people

Following groups of people over time

Case studies of individuals in a group

Comparing medical interventions

Following groups of people over time

In hypothesis testing, researchers aim to ______ the null hypothesis.
Group of answer choices

reject

replicate

accept

validate

reject

Each of the following is a type of descriptive statistic measure, except:
Group of answer choices

ANOVA

standard deviation

mean

Range

ANOVA

All of the following are examples of group research designs, except:
Group of answer choices

non-pretest design

pretest-posttest design

nonrandomized clinical trial

randomized clinical trial

non-pretest design

__________ occurs when participants in one group are treated differently by researchers than participants in the other group.
Group of answer choices

Performance bias

Attrition

Assessment bias

Blinding

Performance bias

In randomized controlled trials, the experimental group is compared to a comparison group who receives _______.
Group of answer choices

all of the above

"treatment as usual"

no treatment

a placebo

all of the above

In which design does a researcher take steps to ensure treatment and control groups are matched on key variables?
Group of answer choices

Randomized controlled trial

Randomized matched trial

Non-randomized controlled trial

Non-randomized matched trial

Non-randomized controlled trial

Behavior analytic researchers often focus on questions about relations between _______ variables and responses under control and experimental conditions.
Group of answer choices

extraneous

dependent

detrimental

environmental

environmental

In hypothesis testing, if there is a difference between groups, the p statistic will ______ the preset region of rejection.
Group of answer choices

fall within

reject

fall outside

accept

fall within

In RCTs, the random assignment is assumed to __________.
Group of answer choices

maximize external validity

maximize internal validity

validate the study

validate the participants

maximize internal validity

Which of the following research questions would be best addressed with a group-design?
Group of answer choices

What are the effects of a time-out procedure on tantrums in 3-year-olds?

Does an intensive ABA therapy treatment package alleviate symptoms of autism?

What are the effects of a token economy on disruptive behavior of 3rd graders in Ms. Jones classroom?

How do increases in density of reinforcement affect vocalizations of children with autism?

How do increases in density of reinforcement affect vocalizations of children with autism?

Brian is a behavior analyst practitioner. Why does he need to understand group research designs?
Group of answer choices

Many payers rely on group designs for policy decisions

He needs to be an informed consumer

It's the primary design he will use in his practice

He may need to explain group design research to clients

It's the primary design he will use in his practice

It is risky to interpret data without knowing exactly what they _______.
Group of answer choices

missed

represent

match in the literature

compare to

represent

Identifying a study's outcomes is only appropriate if the project's procedures and data are:
Group of answer choices

good enough to be published

worthy of interpretation

supported by the literature

in support of the original hypothesis

worthy of interpretation

While a research question can influence interpretations of data, the question should not discourage examining data for __________ discoveries.
Group of answer choices

replicable

known

serendipitous

predictable

serendipitous

Interpreting a study requires a judgment about whether extraneous variables _______.
Group of answer choices

had frequent and powerful effects on responding

were erroneously controlled

were consistent

were completely eliminated

had frequent and powerful effects on responding

Interpreting a study requires a judgment about whether extraneous variables _______.
Group of answer choices

were consistent

were completely eliminated

had frequent and powerful effects on responding

were erroneously controlled

had frequent and powerful effects on responding

______ has to do with the meaningfulness of experimental interpretations under circumstances that are different from those that generated the data.
Group of answer choices

Repeatability

Experimental control

Contingency

Generality

Generality

Researchers are interested in each of the following generalities, except:
Group of answer choices

generality across settings

generality across individuals

the generality of variables

the generality of predictions

the generality of predictions

Why is it important to assess, one at a time, each of the components of measurement?
Group of answer choices

To ensure that individuals will be able to replicate the study

To increase the likelihood that the study be accepted and published in a good journal

Each feature of measurement provides information that is prerequisite to understanding what the data say

It guarantees that the data being collected will represent true values

Each feature of measurement provides information that is prerequisite to understanding what the data say

______ addresses the question of if experimental procedures are repeated, will the same effects be obtained. While ______ addresses the question of "if experimental findings are used under different circumstances, will the same kind of effects be obtained?"
Group of answer choices

Reliability; generality

Generality; reliability

Generality; validity

Validity; generality

Reliability; generality

When someone interprets a study or project, he translates the language of _____ into the language of the culture.
Group of answer choices

Learning

Nature

Experience

Observation

Nature

When evaluating a study, an investigator must be satisfied about the ______ of data.
Group of answer choices

believability

quality

quantity

likability

quality

The amount of time, effort, and money that a researcher has invested can often lead to what form of research?
Group of answer choices

Demonstration

Pilot

Thematic

Advocacy

Advocacy

If a study is well designed and conducted, the variability between phases ideally represents the effects of ___________.
Group of answer choices

the dependent variable

the independent variable

extraneous variables

the independent variable and any extraneous variables

the independent variable

An investigator's interpretations are often evaluated by the ______ of the original findings:
Group of answer choices

reproducibility

validity

integrity

believability

reproducibility

In most psychological research, the paramount interest is in the generality:
Group of answer choices

of variables

across individuals

of procedures

across settings

across individuals

___refers to the appropriateness of attributing a causal role to independent variables.
Group of answer choices

Attrition

Instrumentation

External validity

Internal validity

Internal validity

The primary challenge in interpreting a project is deciding how each of its ______ might have affected data.
Group of answer choices

Results

Features

Conditions

Readers

Features

Which of the following is not an example of a professional contingency?
Group of answer choices

How much time the researcher has invested

The amount of money the researcher has used

The response class definition that was used

A researcher's access to research participants

How much time the researcher has invested

The task is not just to interpret the data, but to interpret:
Group of answer choices

the participants

the importance of the findings

the entire experiment

the literature

the entire experiment

All of the following are examples of influences on interpretative behavior during pre-experimental planning of a study, excempt:

experimental question

theory

other professional contingencies

measurement procedures

measurement procedures

All things considered, a study is either good enough to warrant conclusions or it is _________.
Group of answer choices

fatally flawed

evaluated by peers

OK enough for interpretations

conducted again

fatally flawed

When evaluating a training, we should ignore if the trainees like or dislike the training.
Group of answer choices

True

False

False

The behavioral training model is often referred to as:
Group of answer choices

Behavior Skills Training

The Kirkpatrick Method

Behavioral Performance Management

Performance Skills Training

Behavior Skills Training

When evaluating a training, we should determine if the learners have acquired any skills.
Group of answer choices

True

False

True

Coaching generally described as having:
Group of answer choices

3 steps

6 steps

5 steps

4 steps

4 steps

All of the following are steps in behavior skills training (BST), except:
Group of answer choices

Follow-up, corrective feedback, maintenance

Practice with feedback

Instruction and motivation

Modeling

Mentoring

Mentoring

Mentoring and coaching are the same.
Group of answer choices

True

False

False

Coaching requires that the coach observes the employees in the settings where the behaviors to be coached naturally occur.
Group of answer choices

True

False

True

Before providing training:
Group of answer choices

review materials from the previous training group

ensure your sign-out procedures are in place, so employees are aware they are responsible for the information provided.

you have to be sure that training is the right solution to a performance problem.

identify whether traditional training methods or behavoral training methods are most beneficial

you have to be sure that training is the right solution to a performance problem.