Unit 2: Matter & Temperature (Ch.10-12)

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58 Terms

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Endothermic

energy transfers into an object

<p>energy transfers into an object</p>
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Exothermic

energy transfers out of an object

<p>energy transfers out of an object</p>
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Absolute Zero

0°K

-273.15°C

-459.67°F

coldest temperature limit that can NEVER be reached

<p>0°K</p><p>-273.15°C</p><p>-459.67°F</p><p>coldest temperature limit that can NEVER be reached</p>
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Atom

the basic unit of a chemical element

<p>the basic unit of a chemical element</p>
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Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)

a state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to NEAR absolute zero where atoms begin to lose their identity and act like a wave

<p>a state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to NEAR absolute zero where atoms begin to lose their identity and act like a wave</p>
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Boiling, Vaporization, Evaporation

a phase change where a liquid changes into a gas

endothermic

<p>a phase change where a liquid changes into a gas</p><p>endothermic</p>
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Boiling Point

for water...

100°C (at sea level)

212°F (at sea level)

373°K (at sea level)

the temperature where a liquid turns into a gas

<p>for water...</p><p>100°C (at sea level)</p><p>212°F (at sea level)</p><p>373°K (at sea level)</p><p>the temperature where a liquid turns into a gas</p>
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Celsius (°C)

temperature scale where water at sea level freezes at 0° and boils at 100°

<p>temperature scale where water at sea level freezes at 0° and boils at 100°</p>
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Compound

a substance that contains two or more elements chemically joined together and has the same composition throughout (NaCl)

<p>a substance that contains two or more elements chemically joined together and has the same composition throughout (NaCl)</p>
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Condensation

a phase change from a gas to a liquid

exothermic

<p>a phase change from a gas to a liquid</p><p>exothermic</p>
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Deposition

a phase change from a gas to a solid

exothermic

<p>a phase change from a gas to a solid</p><p>exothermic</p>
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Element

pure substances

cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means

<p>pure substances</p><p>cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means</p>
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Freezing

a phase change from a liquid to a solid

exothermic

<p>a phase change from a liquid to a solid</p><p>exothermic</p>
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Fahrenheit (°F)

a temperature scale where water freezes at 32° and boils at 212°

<p>a temperature scale where water freezes at 32° and boils at 212°</p>
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Gas

more kinetic energy than a liquid

less kinetic energy than a plasma

fills up the volume and takes the shape of a container

<p>more kinetic energy than a liquid</p><p>less kinetic energy than a plasma</p><p>fills up the volume and takes the shape of a container</p>
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Heterogenous

a mixture where the particles are large enough to be picked out by eye

<p>a mixture where the particles are large enough to be picked out by eye</p>
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Homogeneous

a mixture where the particles are too small to be picked out by eye

<p>a mixture where the particles are too small to be picked out by eye</p>
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Intermolecular Forces

attractive or repulsive forces between neighboring particles (atoms, ions, molecules)

<p>attractive or repulsive forces between neighboring particles (atoms, ions, molecules)</p>
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Kelvin (°K)

a temperature scale where water freezes at 273.15° and boils at 373.15°

0° is the coldest limit for temperature, that can NEVER be reached

<p>a temperature scale where water freezes at 273.15° and boils at 373.15°</p><p>0° is the coldest limit for temperature, that can NEVER be reached</p>
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Kinetic Energy (Ek)

energy of movement

<p>energy of movement</p>
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Liquid

fills the shape of a container, but not the volume

more kinetic energy than a solid

less kinetic energy than a gas

<p>fills the shape of a container, but not the volume</p><p>more kinetic energy than a solid</p><p>less kinetic energy than a gas</p>
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Matter

takes up mass and has volume

<p>takes up mass and has volume</p>
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Melting

a phase change from a solid to a liquid

endothermic

<p>a phase change from a solid to a liquid</p><p>endothermic</p>
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Melting Point

for water...

0°C (at sea level)

32°F (at sea level)

273.15°K (at sea level)

the point where a solid changes to a liquid

<p>for water...</p><p>0°C (at sea level)</p><p>32°F (at sea level)</p><p>273.15°K (at sea level)</p><p>the point where a solid changes to a liquid</p>
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Mixture

a combination of different elements and/or compounds that CAN be separated by physical means

<p>a combination of different elements and/or compounds that CAN be separated by physical means</p>
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Molecule

a group of 2 or more atoms joined together by a chemical bond (H₂0, C0₂) can be the same atom, covalent bond

<p>a group of 2 or more atoms joined together by a chemical bond (H₂0, C0₂) can be the same atom, covalent bond</p>
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Phase Change

A change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition, no temperature change takes place.

Heat energy changes the position of the particles relative to each other (potential energy).

<p>A change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition, no temperature change takes place.</p><p>Heat energy changes the position of the particles relative to each other (potential energy).</p>
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Plasma

the atoms have two much energy to hold onto their electrons

more kinetic energy than a gas

<p>the atoms have two much energy to hold onto their electrons</p><p>more kinetic energy than a gas</p>
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Potential Energy (Ep)

energy due to position or stored energy

<p>energy due to position or stored energy</p>
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Pure Substance

CANNOT be separated by physical means

elements & compounds / molecules

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Solid

has a definite volume and shape

more kinetic energy than BEC

less kinetic energy than a liquid

<p>has a definite volume and shape</p><p>more kinetic energy than BEC</p><p>less kinetic energy than a liquid</p>
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Sublimation

a phase change from a solid to a gas

endothermic

<p>a phase change from a solid to a gas</p><p>endothermic</p>
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Temperature (T)

the AVERAGE particle motion

<p>the AVERAGE particle motion</p>
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Heat of Fusion

energy required to change a gram of a substance from the solid to the liquid state without changing its temperature (melting)

<p>energy required to change a gram of a substance from the solid to the liquid state without changing its temperature (melting)</p>
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Heat of Vaporization

the quantity of heat that must be absorbed if a certain quantity of liquid is vaporized at a constant temperature

<p>the quantity of heat that must be absorbed if a certain quantity of liquid is vaporized at a constant temperature</p>
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Amorphous

a non-crystalline solid that has no definite patterns or structure

<p>a non-crystalline solid that has no definite patterns or structure</p>
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Brittle

likely to break, snap, or crack when pressure is applied

<p>likely to break, snap, or crack when pressure is applied</p>
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Calorie

the amount of heat required at a pressure of 1 standard atmosphere to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1° Celsius

<p>the amount of heat required at a pressure of 1 standard atmosphere to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1° Celsius</p>
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Calorimeter

deviced used to contain heat energy so the specific heat of an unknown object can be calculated

<p>deviced used to contain heat energy so the specific heat of an unknown object can be calculated</p>
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Chemical Change

a change that results in NEW chemical substances

<p>a change that results in NEW chemical substances</p>
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Chemical Property

any of a material's properties that is evident during or after a chemical change

<p>any of a material's properties that is evident during or after a chemical change</p>
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Chemical Reaction

a reaction where bonds are broken and formed resulting in the creation of new substances

<p>a reaction where bonds are broken and formed resulting in the creation of new substances</p>
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Physical Change

a change that results in the SAME chemical substance

<p>a change that results in the SAME chemical substance</p>
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Physical Property

used to observe and describe matter without changing its composition

<p>used to observe and describe matter without changing its composition</p>
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Crystalline

a solid with a regular arrangement of atoms in a lattice pattern

<p>a solid with a regular arrangement of atoms in a lattice pattern</p>
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Distillation

separating substances in a liquid by using evaporation and condensation

<p>separating substances in a liquid by using evaporation and condensation</p>
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Ductility

the ability to be drawn into a wire without breaking (tensile strength).

<p>the ability to be drawn into a wire without breaking (tensile strength).</p>
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Filtration

separating a suspended solid from a liquid by passing it through the pores of some substance

<p>separating a suspended solid from a liquid by passing it through the pores of some substance</p>
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Flammability

the ability to burn or ignite

<p>the ability to burn or ignite</p>
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Hardness

the ability of a material to resist plastic deformation (be scratched)

<p>the ability of a material to resist plastic deformation (be scratched)</p>
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Joule (J)

SI unit of work or energy

<p>SI unit of work or energy</p>
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Malleability

the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes without breaking

<p>the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes without breaking</p>
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Magnetism

the motion of electric charges creates a field that attracts or repels other fields

<p>the motion of electric charges creates a field that attracts or repels other fields</p>
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Mass (m)

the amount of matter an object contains

measured in grams

<p>the amount of matter an object contains</p><p>measured in grams</p>
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Specific Heat (Cp)

the rate an object changes temperature

<p>the rate an object changes temperature</p>
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Tensile Strength

the force required to pull or stretch an object

<p>the force required to pull or stretch an object</p>
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Viscosity

the thickness, or resistance of a liquid to flow

<p>the thickness, or resistance of a liquid to flow</p>
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Thermal Expansion

how an object enlarges when heat is applied

<p>how an object enlarges when heat is applied</p>