pth_as 2201/2203 exam 2 mizzou

Functions of the skeletal system

support, protection, movement, energy and mineral reserves, blood cell production

appendicular skeleton bones

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

axial skeleton bones

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

3 types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

most common type of cartilage, has tint collagen fibers (fibrilis), and is found in the ends of long bones, costal cartilages, respiratory structures and fetal skeletons

Elastic cartilage

similar to hyaline, but lots of elastic fibers, very resilient and flexible and tolerate repeated bending. found in pinna and epiglottis

fibrocartilage

has little ground substance and the matrix has thick, dense collagen fibers, resists strong compression. found in intervertebral discs, knee joints, and pubic symphysis

spongy bone

inside of bones

better at shock absoprtion

compact bones

smooth, dense external portion of bones

strong and rigid

made up of osteons

osteoclasts

cells that consume bone

osteoblast

cells that build new bone

osteocytes

mature bone cells

long bones

bones longer than they are wide, humerus and femur

short bones

bones that are the same width and length, carpals and tarsals

irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae and face

flat bones

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

parts of the long bone

epiphysis, epiphyseal line, diaphysis, compact bone, spongy bone, periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, nutrient arteries, and articular cartilage

endochondral ossification

formation of most bones

1. bones begin as hyaline cartilage

2. bone replaces cartilage

3. epiphyseal plates ossify

ex. femur and ribs

intramembranous ossification

bones that grow within a membrane, forms many flat bones as well as maxialle, zygomatic mandible and center of clavicle

epiphyseal plate

growth plates

pectoral girdle

bones that connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

- clavicle and scapula

major part and processes of the scapula

glenoid cavity- articulates with hummerus

subscapular foss- anterior site for muscle attachment

coracoid process- attachment point of bicep

acromion- articulates with acromial end of clavicle

upper limb bones

humerus, radius, ulna, 27 hand bones (carpals, metacarpal, phalanges)

major parts of the hummerus

head- articulates with scapula

distal end- articulates with radius and ulna

tubercles- sites for muscle attachment

deltoid tuberostity- attachment for deltoid

trochlea- articulates with trochlear nottch of ulna

Phalanges and carpals

8 carpals: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapzoid, Capitate, Hamate

digits 2-5 have 3 phalanges & pollex has 2

pelvic bones

ilium, pubis, ischium, acetabulum, public symphysis, sacrum, and coccyx

pelvic bone articulation

ilium

superior ridge of the bone, houses greater sciatic notch

ischium

ischial tuberosities are "sit bones"

pubis

contributes of obturator foramen

pelvic inlet and outlet

inlet: space between pelvic and abdonimal cavities

outlet: inferior opening defined by ischial tuberosities

brim: edge of inlet

major features of the femur/articulations

- head: carried on a neck that angles laterally to join shaft

- greater trochanter: sites for muscle attachment

- medial and lateral condyle: articulate with tibia

-linea aspera: ridge along the posterior diaphysis

- patella articulate with femur at patellar surface

tibia vs. fibula

tibia is larger and more sturdy, medially located

tibia articulates with femur and talus

tarsals and phalanges

7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges, 3 per foot (proximal, middle, distal), hallux has no middle

hallux = big toe

calcaneus

heel

achilles tendon

attaches posterior surface and enables extension of foot

types of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

fibrous joints

connected by fibrous tissue, i.e sutures

synovial joints

connected at a joint cavity within a capsule, i.e ball-socket (shoulder)

cartilageinous Joints

connected by cartilage tissue, i.e pubic symphsis

plane joint

allows articulating bones to glide past each other between tarsals and carpals

hinge joints

allows flexion and extension, i.e elbow and knee

pivot joint

allows rotation, i.e radius and ulna

condylar joints

one bone is convex and the other is concave, i.e knuckles

ball and socket joint

allows flexion/extension, adduction/abduction and roation, i.e hip and shoulder

synchondrosis

an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage, as in the vertebrae.

Symphysis

A type of joint that has grown together forming a very stable connection.

knee bones

femur, tibia, fibula, patella

knee ligaments

ACL and PCL: deep within capusle, connects femur and tibia

LCL: connects femur and fibula

MCL: connects tibia and femur

menisci: stabilizes joint, provides side to side rocking of femur on tibia

temporomandibular joint

connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw

elbow bones and ligaments

hinge joint, annulnar ligament forms pibor at proximal radioulnar joint

- annulnar ligament attaches to ulna medially and laterally

hip (coxal) joint

femur and os coxae, ball and socket joint

- acetabulum is where the head of the femur sits

ligeamentum teres extends from acetabulum of fovea capitus

glenohumeral joint

joint of the scapular and humerus, ball and socket joint

Flexion/extension

bending and extension of a limb

Pronation/supination

turning the hand to a palm down or palm up position

Eversion/inversion

turning outward, turning inward

Abduction/adduction

movement away/towards from midline

Lateral rotation/medial rotation

→ left leg rotates counterclockwise

→ left leg rotates clockwise

Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion

up and down movement of the foot

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips

Protraction/Retraction

anterior to posterior movement of scapula or mandible

Elevation/Depression

up and down

types of muscle tissue

smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

Skeletal muscle

pulls on muscles, striated and voluntary

Cardiac muscle

only in the heart, striated, y-shaped and involuntary, has intercalated discs

Smooth muscle

pushes fluid and solids along the digestive tract, regulates the diameters of small arteries, not striated and involuntary

Skeletal muscle properties

1. contractability

2. excitability

3. extensibility

4. elasticity

Skeletal muscle functions

produce movement, maintain posture, support, generate heat, and storage & movement of materials

layers of connective tissue

deep fascia, epiphysium, perimysium, and endomysium

deep fascia

surrounds individual muscle as well as muscle with the same action

epiphysium

surrouned entire muscle, separates individuals

perimysium

surrounds each fascia, divides skeletal muscle into compartments

endomysium

surrounds muscle fibers within a fascicle

sacromere

Contractile unit of muscle

circular muscles

sphincter, surround external body opening, i.e mouth

convergent muscles

broad area converges on attachment site (tendon, aponeurosis, or raphe); muscle fibers pull in different directions, depending on stimulation; ex: pectoralis muscles

parallel muscles

fascicles run paralelle to long axis of muscles, tapered at both ends, high endurance, i.e satorius

pennate muscles

feather shaped, short fascicles, attach obliquely, i.e deltoid

synergist

muscles with similar actions

antagonist

muscles with opposite actions

trapezius

Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula, attaches to C1-T12 vertebrae and scapular spine and clavicle

rhomboid major and minor

elevate anad retract scapula, ataches to vertebrae and medial border of scapula

serratus anterior

protracts and rotates scapula and holds it flat against the rib cage, attaches to scapula and anterior rib

pectoralis major

adducts, flexes, and medially rotates arm

attaches to sternum, clavicle, ribs and humerus

latissimus dorsi and teres major

adducts, extends, and medially rotates arm; LD attaches to lower back and humerus and TM attaches to scapula and humerus

deltoid

abducts, flexes, and extends arm, medially and laterally rotates arm; attaches to sternum, clavicle, ribs and humerus

Suprasinatus

initiates abduction of arm (first 15); attaches to supraspinous fossa of scapula and humeral tuberosities

infraspinatus

laterally rotates arm; attaches to infraspinous fossa of scapula and humeral tuberosities

teres minor

laterally rotates arm; attaches to infraspinous fossa of scapula and humeral tuberosities

subscapularis

medially rotates arm; attaches to subscapular fossa of scapula and humeral suberosities

Coracobrachialis

flexes and adducts arm; attaches to scapula and humerus

brachialis

flexes forearm; attaches to humerus and ulna

biceps brachii

long and short head; flexes and supinates arm; attaches to scapula and radial tuberosity

Brachioradialis

flexes forearm; attaches to posterior humerus and radius

triceps brachii

long, medial, and lateral heads; long extends forearm and arm, medial and lateral extend forearms; long attaches to scapula and ulna & medial/lateral attach to humerus and ulna

flexor muscles

flex wrist and digits; attaches to humerus medial epicondyle, forearm, wrist and digits

extensor muscles

extend wrist and fingers; attaches to humerus lateral epicondyle, forearm, wrist, and digits

iliopsas

illiacus + psoas major; attaches to ilium and femur; thigh and trunk flexion

gluteus maximus

extension and lateral rotation of thigh; attaches to ilium, sacrum and femur