Biology - Unit 12

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epithelial tissue

protective sheets of packed cells connected by special junctions, skin/stomach membranes membranes/lungs

circulatory structures

heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

circulatory functions

transports oxygen/nutrients/wastes, helps regulate body temp. collects fluid lost from blood vessels/returns it to circulatory system

digestive structures

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, liver

endocrine structures

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes

endocrine functions

influences growth/development/metabolism, helps maintain homeostasis

excretory structures

skin, lungs, kidneys, bladder

excretory functions

eliminates waste products, helps maintain homeostasis

immune structures

white blood cells, thymus, spleen

immune functions

protects against disease, stores/generates white blood cells

integumentary structures

skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

integumentary functions

acts as barrier against infection/injury/UV radiation, helps regulate body temperature

muscular structures

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles

muscular functions

produces voluntary/involuntary movements, helps to circulate blood/move food through the digestive system

nervous structures

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

nervous functions

regulates body’s response to changes in internal/external environment, processes information

respiratory structures

nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

skeletal structures

bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendon

skeletal functions

supports/protects vital organs, allows movement, stores minerals, serves as site for red blood cell production

negative feedback

counteracts change, returns to a set point 

positive feedback

increases change from a set point

homeostasis disruption

sensors fail, targets don’t receive messages, injury, illness

short-term: little/no harm

long-term: more damage, diabetes

resting potential

no signal is transmitted, more Na+ outside, more K+ inside

action potential

moving electrical impulse

Na+ channels open: Na+ enter/ cell positively charged

K+ channels open: K+ exit/restore neutral/neg charge

neighboring Na+ channels open: + charge area moves

between neurons

impulse reaches terminal, neurotransmitters released into synapse: stimulate next cell

sensory neurons

detect stimuli, transmit signals to brain and spinal cord

interneurons

receive signals from sensory neurons, relay them within brain and spinal cord

motor neurons

pass messages from nervous system to tissues

central nervous system

includes brain/brain stem/spinal cord, receives/interprets/sends signals to/from

cerebrum

controls thought, movement, emotion, interprets signals: forms responses: hunger/thirst/emotions/motion/pain

cerebellum

allows for balance, coordinates movements, maintain posture/balance, automatic adjust body: smooth move

brain stem

controls basic life functions

midbrain: some reflexes

pons: breathing, pass signals

medulla oblongata: heart function/swallowing/coughing

spinal cord

controls reflexes, sensory neuron sends impulse, directs impulse to motor neuron: causing motion, not involve brain

reflex arcs

nerve pathways that need to cross two synapses before producing response: quick reactions

peripheral nervous system

includes four systems of nerves, sensory neurons detect stimuli: motor neurons carry signals to body: stimulate muscles/target

somatic nervous system

regulates voluntary movements, connects CNS to organs

autonomic nervous system

controls involuntary

sympathetic: fight or flight

parasympathetic: calms body/conserves energy

frontal lobe

personality/reasoning/judgment controlled, coordinates voluntary movement/speech production

temporal lobe

speech interpretation/hearing, memory

occipital lobe

visual information is processed

parietal lobe

sensory cortex: interprets/coordinates touch information

common technologies

CT: x-rays to view structure

MRI: magnetic fields/radio waves to view structure

PET: detects activity in brain: radioactive glucose

addication

physiological need for a substance

sensitization

less neurotransmitter leads to more receptors: generate more action potentials

desensitization

more neurotransmitter leads to fewer receptors: less neurotransmitter can bind to membrane: impulses less likely, leads to tolerance

stimulants

cause more action potentials, increase amount of neurotransmitter in synapse, decrease removal of neurotransmitter in synapse 

depressants

cause fewer action potentials, produce neurotransmitters that prevent impulses, slow release of neurotransmitter that generates impulses 

hormones

chemical signals, produced by glands, travel through circulatory system, affects cells with matching receptors 

steroid hormones

lipid, enter cell: bind receptor: bind DNA: stimulate protein production

nonsteroid hormones

amino acids, not enter cell: bind receptor: stimulates messenger: chem reactions: activate enzymes

hypothalamus

growth hormone releasing hormone: pituitary release growth hormone

gonadotropin releasing hormone: gonads release hormones

pituitary

growth hormone: division/protein synthesis/bone growth

antidiuretic hormone: blood to absorb water from kidneys

thyroid

throxin: increases metabolism/digestion/energy levels

calcitonin: remove calcium from blood, ↑ bone formation

thymus

thymosin: white blood cells to reproduce/mature

adrenal glands

epinephrine/adrenaline: heart rate ↑, circulate blood quickly

pancreas

insulin: removes sugar from blood, ↑ sugar metabolism

glucagon: ↑ sugar production, adds sugar to bloodstream

ovaries

estrogen: sexual maturation egg production/female charac

progesterone: causes menstruation

testes

testosterone: sexual maturation, sperm production/male c

releasing hormones

allow glands to comm, used in temp regulation, TRH: thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TSH: thyroid stimulating

hormonal imbalance

affect homeostasis, treated with surgery/medicine, some prescription drugs can make pituitary overactive: indirectly cause problems.