Studied by 1 person
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epithelial tissue
protective sheets of packed cells connected by special junctions, skin/stomach membranes membranes/lungs
circulatory structures
heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
circulatory functions
transports oxygen/nutrients/wastes, helps regulate body temp. collects fluid lost from blood vessels/returns it to circulatory system
digestive structures
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, liver
endocrine structures
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes
endocrine functions
influences growth/development/metabolism, helps maintain homeostasis
excretory structures
skin, lungs, kidneys, bladder
excretory functions
eliminates waste products, helps maintain homeostasis
immune structures
white blood cells, thymus, spleen
immune functions
protects against disease, stores/generates white blood cells
integumentary structures
skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
integumentary functions
acts as barrier against infection/injury/UV radiation, helps regulate body temperature
muscular structures
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
muscular functions
produces voluntary/involuntary movements, helps to circulate blood/move food through the digestive system
nervous structures
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
nervous functions
regulates body’s response to changes in internal/external environment, processes information
respiratory structures
nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
skeletal structures
bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendon
skeletal functions
supports/protects vital organs, allows movement, stores minerals, serves as site for red blood cell production
negative feedback
counteracts change, returns to a set point
positive feedback
increases change from a set point
homeostasis disruption
sensors fail, targets don’t receive messages, injury, illness
short-term: little/no harm
long-term: more damage, diabetes
resting potential
no signal is transmitted, more Na+ outside, more K+ inside
action potential
moving electrical impulse
Na+ channels open: Na+ enter/ cell positively charged
K+ channels open: K+ exit/restore neutral/neg charge
neighboring Na+ channels open: + charge area moves
between neurons
impulse reaches terminal, neurotransmitters released into synapse: stimulate next cell
sensory neurons
detect stimuli, transmit signals to brain and spinal cord
interneurons
receive signals from sensory neurons, relay them within brain and spinal cord
motor neurons
pass messages from nervous system to tissues
central nervous system
includes brain/brain stem/spinal cord, receives/interprets/sends signals to/from
cerebrum
controls thought, movement, emotion, interprets signals: forms responses: hunger/thirst/emotions/motion/pain
cerebellum
allows for balance, coordinates movements, maintain posture/balance, automatic adjust body: smooth move
brain stem
controls basic life functions
midbrain: some reflexes
pons: breathing, pass signals
medulla oblongata: heart function/swallowing/coughing
spinal cord
controls reflexes, sensory neuron sends impulse, directs impulse to motor neuron: causing motion, not involve brain
reflex arcs
nerve pathways that need to cross two synapses before producing response: quick reactions
peripheral nervous system
includes four systems of nerves, sensory neurons detect stimuli: motor neurons carry signals to body: stimulate muscles/target
somatic nervous system
regulates voluntary movements, connects CNS to organs
autonomic nervous system
controls involuntary
sympathetic: fight or flight
parasympathetic: calms body/conserves energy
frontal lobe
personality/reasoning/judgment controlled, coordinates voluntary movement/speech production
temporal lobe
speech interpretation/hearing, memory
occipital lobe
visual information is processed
parietal lobe
sensory cortex: interprets/coordinates touch information
common technologies
CT: x-rays to view structure
MRI: magnetic fields/radio waves to view structure
PET: detects activity in brain: radioactive glucose
addication
physiological need for a substance
sensitization
less neurotransmitter leads to more receptors: generate more action potentials
desensitization
more neurotransmitter leads to fewer receptors: less neurotransmitter can bind to membrane: impulses less likely, leads to tolerance
stimulants
cause more action potentials, increase amount of neurotransmitter in synapse, decrease removal of neurotransmitter in synapse
depressants
cause fewer action potentials, produce neurotransmitters that prevent impulses, slow release of neurotransmitter that generates impulses
hormones
chemical signals, produced by glands, travel through circulatory system, affects cells with matching receptors
steroid hormones
lipid, enter cell: bind receptor: bind DNA: stimulate protein production
nonsteroid hormones
amino acids, not enter cell: bind receptor: stimulates messenger: chem reactions: activate enzymes
hypothalamus
growth hormone releasing hormone: pituitary release growth hormone
gonadotropin releasing hormone: gonads release hormones
pituitary
growth hormone: division/protein synthesis/bone growth
antidiuretic hormone: blood to absorb water from kidneys
thyroid
throxin: increases metabolism/digestion/energy levels
calcitonin: remove calcium from blood, ↑ bone formation
thymus
thymosin: white blood cells to reproduce/mature
adrenal glands
epinephrine/adrenaline: heart rate ↑, circulate blood quickly
pancreas
insulin: removes sugar from blood, ↑ sugar metabolism
glucagon: ↑ sugar production, adds sugar to bloodstream
ovaries
estrogen: sexual maturation egg production/female charac
progesterone: causes menstruation
testes
testosterone: sexual maturation, sperm production/male c
releasing hormones
allow glands to comm, used in temp regulation, TRH: thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TSH: thyroid stimulating
hormonal imbalance
affect homeostasis, treated with surgery/medicine, some prescription drugs can make pituitary overactive: indirectly cause problems.
