SBI3U1 Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards for SBI3U1 Final Exam Review

Prokaryotes

Cells lacking a nucleus and other complex organelles.

Eukaryotes

Cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Taxonomic Classification Levels (7)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Binomial Nomenclature

Method of scientifically naming organisms using a two-part name (genus and species).

Antibiotic Resistance

The ability of bacteria to resist the effects of antibiotics.

Viruses

Small infectious agents that replicate only inside the living cells of other organisms

Lytic Cycle

The phase of the viral reproductive cycle when the virus is actively replicating and causing disease.

Lysogenic Cycle

The phase of the viral reproductive cycle when the viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell's DNA, remaining dormant for a period.

Genome

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

Genes

Units of heredity that transmit information from parents to offspring.

Chromosomes

Structures containing DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Mitosis

Cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells; used for growth and repair.

Meiosis

Cell division resulting in four genetically different haploid cells; used for sexual reproduction.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.

Non-disjunction

The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division.

Karyotype

A visual representation of an individual's chromosomes, used to identify chromosomal abnormalities.

Incomplete Dominance

A condition where neither allele is dominant, resulting in a blended phenotype in heterozygotes.

Co-dominance

A condition where both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of heterozygotes.

Evolution

The change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

Natural Selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully.

Sexual Selection

The differential reproductive success due to variation among individuals in success at getting mates.

Speciation

The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

Gene flow

The transfer of genetic material from one population to another.

Gene pool

The total collection of genes in a population at any one time.

Mutation

A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.

Genetic drift

Random changes in allele frequencies in a population from one generation to the next.

Macroevolution

Evolution on a large scale, leading to the formation of new taxonomic groups.

Microevolution

Evolution on a small scale, affecting only one or a few genes and resulting in changes within a population.

Disruptive Selection

Type of selection favoring extreme traits in a population.

Directional Selection

Type of selection favoring one extreme trait in a population.

Stabilizing Selection

Type of selection favoring intermediate traits in a population.

Allopatric Speciation

Speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant, or isolated from each other.

Sympatric Speciation

Speciation that occurs when new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.

Alveoli

Small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries and veins and allow for exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes with body cells.

Blood pressure

The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

villi

Help asbord nutrients in the small intestine

Mechanical Digestion

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.

Chemical Digestion

The chemical breakdown of food by enzymes.

non-vascular tissue

Plant without vascular tissue.

vascular tissue

Plant with vascular tissue.

Plant Classifications

Bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms

Mosses

Bryophytes

Seed Plants

Plants with seed.

Seedless Plants

Plants without seed.

Ethylene

A plant hormone that promotes fruit ripening and senescence (aging).

Cytokinins

Plant hormones that promote cell division.