AP World Unit 7 | AP Exam Review

Internal Factors of Russia (7.1 Shifting Power After 1900)

• Slow to industrialize

• Slow to educate

• Slow to build infrastructure

• Bloody Sunday

External Factors of Russia (7.1 Shifting Power After 1900)

Lost two wars (Crimean & Russo-Japanese)

Change in Russia (7.1 Shifting Power After 1900)

The Bolshevik Revolution & end of Czars

Internal Factors of Qing Dynasty (7.1 Shifting Power After 1900)

• Ethnic tension between Han & Manchus

• Threat of famine w/ growing population

• Low tax revenue

External Factors of Qing Dynasty (7.1 Shifting Power After 1900)

Economic Imperialism from Europe

Change in Qing Dynasty (7.1 Shifting Power After 1900)

End of Qing Dynasty & rise of Chinese Republic under Sun Yat-sen

Internal Factors of Ottoman Empire (7.1 Shifting Power After 1900)

• Turkification

• Rising nationalism from various ethnic groups

• Declining economy w/ less trade

External Factors of Ottoman Empire (7.1 Shifting Power After 1900)

• Capitulations

• WWI

Change in Ottoman Empire (7.1 Shifting Power After 1900)

• Dissolution of empire into Turkey

• Mandates

• Balkan states

Internal Factors of Mexico (7.1 Shifting Power After 1900)

• Desire for land reform

• Nationalization of oil

• Rise of socialist ideas

External Factors of Mexico (7.1 Shifting Power After 1900)

Neocolonialism / Economic imperialism of oil & railroads

Change in Mexico (7.1 Shifting Power After 1900)

• Mexican Revolution of 1910 brought a constitution

• Rise of PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)

Causes MANIA (7.2 Causes of WWI)

Militarism - Thanks to the Industrial Revolution

Alliances - Triple Entente & Triple Alliance

Nationalism - Newly formed nations in the Balkans & competition from other European nations

Imperialism - Slowing down & competition fierce between European nations

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Consequences (7.2 Causes of WWI)

Flu 1918 - Pandemic brought by soldiers returning home

• Killed tens of millions worldwide

Treaty of Versailles - Harshly dealt w/ Germany

• War guilt & reparations

• Created mandates from Arab lands in former Ottoman Empire

Turkey formed under leadership of Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk”

• Frailty of new Weimar Republic in Germany

• Power shift from Europe to the US

• Led to the rise of authoritarian govts

Warfare (7.3 Conducting WWI)

• Trench warfare

• Poison gas

• Industrial technology (ie. machine guns, airplanes, tanks, & u-boats)

Total War (7.3 Conducting WWI)

• Propoganda

• Conscription (Draft)

• Rationing

• Donation drives

Massive numbers of colonial soldiers volunteered hoping it would grant them independence afterward

Economic Crisis: Great Depression (7.4 Economy in Interwar Period)

Caused by agricultural overproduction & US Stock Market Collapse

• Sweden

• US

• Germany

• Italy

• Spain

• Japan

Sweden - Great Depression (7.4 Economy in Interwar Period)

Turned toward a welfare state, so govt increased role in providing for basic necessities

US - Great Depression (7.4 Economy in Interwar Period)

New Deal based on Keynesian economics to give relief, recover, & reform

• Gave relief, recover, & reform

Germany - Great Depression (7.4 Economy in Interwar Period)

Worst hit - Germans turned against Wiemar Republic

• Turned to extreme Nazi Party (Facism) & Hitler to “fix” the economy

Italy - Great Depression (7.4 Economy in Interwar Period)

Upset w/ lack of land in Treaty of Versailles

• Turned to Mussolini & his fascist govt

• Invaded Abyssinia/Ethiopia

Spain - Great Depression (7.4 Economy in Interwar Period)

New left-leaning Republic overthrown by conservative military

• Led to civil war & Franco’s fascist dictatorship

Japan - Great Depression (7.4 Economy in Interwar Period)

Increased military’s role in govt

• Sought to imperialize more for resources

Economic Crisis: Near Failure of Soviet Economy (7.4 Economy in Interwar Period)

Occurred during its Civil War

• Lenin’s Response

• Stalin’s Response

Lenin’s Response of Soviet Economy (7.4 Economy in Interwar Period)

Lenin brought in New Economic Policy (NEP) to give back private ownership (farmers could sell excess crops for personal profit)

Stalin’s Response of Soviet Economy (7.4 Economy in Interwar Period)

End New Economic Policy (NEP), bring in 5 Years Plans (industrialize & collectivize)

• Collectivization was a nightmare, Industrialization successful

Continuities in Territorial Holdings (7.5 Unresolved Tensions after WWI)

Colonies in Africa & Asia still under European control

Changes in Territorial Holdings (7.5 Unresolved Tensions after WWI)

• Rise of nationalist movements in India (INC w/ Gandhi & Salt March), Africa (intellectuals forming nationalist groups & general labor strikes), China (May 4th Movement), & Korea (March 1st Movement) against colonial rule

• Transition of Arab lands from Ottoman to League of Nation control as mandates

• Dissolution of Ottoman Empire & dissolution of Austria-Hungary

• Independence of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, & South Africa from the British

Causes of WWII (7.6 Causes of WWII)

Unresolved Issues from WWI: Harsh treat of Germany in Treaty of Versailles destabilized the Wiemar Republic, issues exacerbated by the Great Depression

Failure of the League of Nations: Couldn’t contain Germany’s aggression w/ their policy of appeasement

Imperialism: Hitler in Europe, Italy in Ethiopia, Japan in East/SE Asia

Consequences of WWII (7.6 Causes of WWII)

Bloodiest war in human history: 75 million deaths (2/3 civilians), led to Cold War

Total War Similarities (7.7 Conducting WWII)

• All major powers used propaganda

• Conscription (draft)

• Mobilized economy for war (Wartime production, rationing)

Total War Differences (7.7 Conducting WWII)

• US & Britain relied on civilian (including women) for home front efforts

• Germany relied on forced labor from POWs, France, & some concentration camps

• Japan didn’t use women to “respect the home”

Total War Similarities in Weapons (7.7 Conducting WWII)

Using weapons against civilians

• Firebombing

• Atomic bombs

Causes of Holocaust (7.8 Mass Atrocities after 1900)

Hitler's Final Solution based on widespread anti-Semitism & carried out by head of SS Himmler

Consequences of Holocaust (7.8 Mass Atrocities after 1900)

• 6 million Jews killed

  • 6 million "others" - Roma, LGBTQ+, Slavs - also killed

• Increased global support of Zionism

Causes of Armenian Genocide (7.8 Mass Atrocities after 1900)

Ottoman govt thinking Armenian Christians (minority group) was working w/ the Russians during WWI

Consequences of Armenian Genocide (7.8 Mass Atrocities after 1900)

Between 500,000 - 1.5 million Armenian deaths

• Govt of Turkey still disputes this as a genocide

Effect of Holocaust (7.8 Mass Atrocities after 1900)

Realization of Zionist movement w/ Balfour declaration & creation of Israel in 1947 out of Palestine