General Human Anatomy Lecture Study Guide

Flashcards covering the topics in the General Human Anatomy Lecture Study Guide Unit 1, including anatomical terminology, tissues, membranes and skin.

Define anatomy

The study of the structure of the body.

Define physiology

The study of the function of the body.

What are the subdivisions of microscopic anatomy?

Cytology and Histology.

What are the categories of macroscopic anatomy? Define each category.

Surface anatomy, regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, and developmental anatomy. Surface anatomy is the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. Regional anatomy studies all structures in a specific region of the body. Systemic anatomy studies body structure system by system. Developmental anatomy studies changes in anatomy throughout life.

Define standard anatomical position (SAP).

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body.

Define supine

Lying face up.

Define prone

Lying face down.

What are the types of planes that divide the human body?

Frontal (coronal), transverse (horizontal), and sagittal (midsagittal and parasagittal) planes.

Define frontal plane.

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Define transverse plane.

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Define sagittal and parasagittal planes.

Sagittal divides the body into right and left parts. Midsagittal is a sagittal plane that lies on the midline. Parasagittal is offset from the midline.

Define the anatomical term: anterior

Toward the front of the body.

Define the anatomical term: posterior

Toward the back of the body.

Define the anatomical term: superior

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above.

Define the anatomical term: inferior

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.

Define the anatomical term: medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of.

Define the anatomical term: lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of.

Define the anatomical term: bilateral

Having two sides.

Define the anatomical term: deep

Away from the body surface; more internal.

Define the anatomical term: superficial

Toward or at the body surface.

Define the anatomical term: proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Define the anatomical term: distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

What are the internal body cavities?

Cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity, and abdominopelvic cavity.

What is the pleural sac?

Surrounds the lungs.

What is the pericardial sac?

Surrounds the heart.

What is the function of serous membranes?

Reduce friction and line internal body cavities.

What are the types of serous membranes?

Parietal and visceral layers.

Where is the parietal layer located?

Lines the internal surface of the body wall.

Where is the visceral layer located?

Covers the outer surface of organs within the cavity.

What are the abdominopelvic regions of the human body?

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac regions.

Define cytology

Study of cells.

Define eukaryote

Organism with cells containing a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes.

What are microvilli? What is their function?

Small projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area for absorption.

Define histology

Study of tissues.

Define tissues

Groups of similar cells performing specific functions.

What are the types of tissues?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissues?

Cellularity, specialized contacts, polarity, support by connective tissue, avascularity, regeneration.

What are the different surfaces of the epithelial tissue?

Apical (free) surface, lateral surface, and basal surface.

What are the functions of epithelial tissues?

Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception.

How are epithelial tissues classified?

By number of cell layers (simple vs. stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

Where are simple epithelia found in the body? What is its function?

Found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur. Examples include kidney tubules, air sacs of lungs.

Where are stratified epithelia found in the body? What is its function?

Found in areas of high abrasion. Examples include skin surface, lining of the mouth.

What are the shapes of epithelial cells? Define each shape

Squamous (flattened), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (column-shaped).

What are the types of glands in the human body?

Endocrine and exocrine glands.

Where do endocrine glands release products? Give an example of a product released by endocrine glands

Release products (hormones) into the bloodstream. Example: thyroid hormones.

Where do exocrine glands release products? Give an example of a product released by exocrine glands

Release products onto body surfaces or into ducts. Example: sweat.

What are the functions of connective tissues?

Binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation (blood).

What are the components of connective tissue?

Cells, protein fibers, and ground substance.

What are the types of protein fibers found in connective tissue?

Collagen fibers (strength), elastic fibers (stretch), and reticular fibers (support).

What is ground substance? What does it consist of?

Unstructured material filling space between cells; consists of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans.

What is matrix? What does it consist of?

The extracellular matrix is composed of ground substance and fibers.

What cell types make up areolar connective tissue?

Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells.

What is the function of areolar connective tissue?

Supports and binds other tissues, holds body fluids, defends against infection, stores nutrients as fat.

Where in the body is areolar connective tissue located?

Underlies epithelia, surrounds organs, and capillaries.

What cell makes up adipose connective tissue?

Adipocytes.

What is the function of adipose connective tissue?

Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs.

Where in the body is adipose connective tissue located?

Under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, and in breasts.

What is the function of reticular connective tissue?

Forms a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.

Where in the body is dense regular connective tissue found?

Tendons and ligaments.

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

Withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength.

Where in the body is dense irregular connective tissue located?

Dermis of the skin, fibrous joint capsules, submucosa of the digestive tract.

What are the characteristics of cartilage?

Avascular and lacks nerves.

What is the function of hyaline cartilage connective tissue?

Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress.

Where in the body is hyaline connective tissue located?

Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.

What is the function of elastic cartilage connective tissue?

Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility.

Where in the body is elastic cartilage connective tissue located?

Supports the external ear (auricle); epiglottis.

What is the function of fibrocartilage connective tissue?

Tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock.

Where in the body is fibrocartilage connective tissue located?

Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint.

Rank the cartilage connective tissues in terms of strength from most to least strong

Fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage.

Rank the cartilage connective tissues in terms of flexibility from most to least flexible

Elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage.

What is the function of compact bone connective tissue?

Supports and protects; provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis).

Where in the body is compact bone connective tissue located?

Bones.

What is the function of blood connective tissue?

Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.

Where in the body is blood connective tissue located?

Within blood vessels.

What are the types of muscle tissues?

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues.

What type of control does skeletal muscle tissue have?

Voluntary.

What are the functions of skeletal muscle tissue?

Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control.

Where is skeletal muscle tissue found?

Attached to bones or occasionally to skin.

What type of control does cardiac muscle tissue have?

Involuntary.

What are the functions of cardiac muscle tissue?

As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control.

Where is cardiac muscle tissue found?

The walls of the heart.

What type of control does smooth muscle tissue have?

Involuntary.

What are the functions of smooth muscle tissue?

Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control.

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

Mostly in the walls of hollow organs.

What cells make up nervous tissue? Explain the function of each cell

Neurons (generate and conduct nerve impulses) and glial cells (support, insulate, and protect neurons).

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity.

What are the types of body membranes in the human body?

Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes.

What is the composition of mucous membranes?

Epithelium resting on loose connective tissue (lamina propria).

Where are mucous membranes located in the human body?

Lines body cavities that are open to the exterior, such as the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts.

What are the functions of the mucous membranes?

Secretion of mucus for lubrication and protection.

What is a synovial membrane? Where is it located?

Connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints.

What are meninges? Where is it located?

Three layers of protective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord.

What is a cutaneous membrane? Where is it located?

The skin; covers the body surface.

What are the subdivisions of the skin?

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

Where is the epidermis located?

Superficial region of the skin.

Where is the dermis located?

Middle region of the skin.

Where is the hypodermis located?

Deepest region of the skin; also known as subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia.

What epithelial tissues makes up the epidermis?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

What are the characteristics of the epidermis?

Avascular.