Lab 7 - Axial Muscles

Parallel

The fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle. They are long, strap-like muscles that can generate force. The strongest of these muscles are fusiform in shape; they are wide in the middle and taper at each end.

Convergent

These are fan-like muscles. The fascicles are broad at the origin and taper to a narrow insertion. This arrangement functions to concentrate the force of the muscle contraction into a small area.

Pennate

The fascicles are attached to a tendon in a feather-like manner. The tendon is the shaft of the feather and the fascicles are the vane.

1. Unipennate

2. Bipennate

3. Multipennate

1. the fascicles are attached to one side of the tendon

2. the fascicles are attached to both sides to the tendon

3. the fascicles converge on a branching tendon

Circular

These are sphincter muscles. The fascicles surround an opening. The action of the muscle increases or decreases the diameter of the opening.

Gliding

Movement back-and-forth or side-to-side, with no rotation or angular motion.

Flexion

Movement that draws bones toward each other, or decreases the angle of the joint to the bone.

Extension

Movement that separates bones from one another, or increases the angle of the joint to the bone.

Abduction

Moving part of the body away from the midline of body. (For fingers and toes, it is relative to midline of hand or foot.)

Adduction

Moving a part toward the midline of the body.

Rotation

The movement of a bone around its own axis, with no other simultaneous motion.

Circumduction

Motion where the proximal end of a bone is stable and the distal end moves in the form of a cone.

Pronation

A motion of the forearm that turns the palm backward or downward from the elbow. It does not rotate the humerus.

Supination

A motion of the forearm that turns the palm forward or upward from the elbow. It does not rotate the humerus.

Protraction

Movement of a bone forward or anteriorly parallel to the ground

Retraction

Movement of a bone backward or posteriorly parallel to the ground.

Elevation

A movement that raises a bone vertically, or upward.

Depression

A movement that lowers a bone vertically.

Inversion

Moves sole of foot inward towards the opposite foot at the ankle.

Eversion

Moves sole of foot outward at ankle, away from the other foot.

Dorsiflexion

Flexing the foot upward at the ankle.

Plantar flexion

Flexing the foot downward at the ankle.

Frontalis

When the occipitalis is contracted, it raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the skin of the forehead. When the occipitalis is relaxed, it draws the skin anteriorly.

Occipitalis

Pulls the skin of the head posteriorly.

Sternocleidomastoid

Together, they flex the head by flexing the cervical portion of the vertebral column. Alone they turn the head in the direction opposite of the contraction.

Temporalis

Acts with the masseter to raise and pull back the mandible.

Masseter

Raises and pulls back the lower mandible, closes the mouth, and clenches the teeth. It also may move the mandible from side to side.

Orbicularis oris

Closes and protrudes the lips. Pulls the lips back against the teeth.

Orbicularis oculi

Located around the eye and lies beneath the eyelid. It causes the eye to close or blink.

Nasalis

A sphincter-like muscle on the nose that functions to flare or dilate the nostrils.

Zygomaticus minor

A small cheek muscle that is involved in the expression of emotion, like smiling.

Zygomaticus major

A cheek muscle that extends down to the mouth. It draws the mouth upward and backward when laughing.

Levator scapulae

Elevates and draws the scapula medially. It also extends and / or flexes the head.

Splenius capitis

Extends the head when contracting together, and rotates the head when contracting singly.

Pectoralis minor

Depresses and abducts the scapula, rotates it down, and stabilizes it.

Pectoralis major

Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the humerus inward.

Serratus anterior

Abducts the scapula and rotates it upward. It also lifts the ribs when the scapula is fixed.

Internal oblique

Compresses the abdomen and can rotate the vertebral column

Rectus abdominis

Flexes the lumbar region of the vertebral column and compresses the abdomen.

Trapezius

Elevates and/or adducts the scapula, rotates the scapula up or down, and draws the head back when the shoulders are fixed.

Rhomboideus minor & major

Elevates and helps the scapula rotate when adducting the arm.

Supraspinatus

Aids the deltoid when abducting the arm at the humerus.

Infraspinatus

Laterally rotates and abducts the arm at the shoulder.

Teres minor

Laterally rotates, extends, and adducts the humerus at the shoulder and stabilizes the elbow joint.

Teres major

Assists the extension of the humerus, medially rotates the humerus, and helps rotate the scapula downward.

Latissimus dorsi

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder. Also draws the arm inferiorly and posteriorly.

Lumbodorsal fascia

Connective tissue that acts as the origin for muscles of the lower back.

Levator scapulae

Type of Muscle: Thorax (posterior view)

What is A?

Splenius Capitis

Type of Muscle: Thorax (posterior view)

What is B?

Rhomboideus Minor

Type of Muscle: Thorax (posterior view)

What is C?

Supraspinatus

Type of Muscle: Thorax (posterior view)

What is D?

Rhomboideus Major

Type of Muscle: Thorax (posterior view)

What is E?

Trapezius

Type of Muscle: Thorax (posterior view)

What is F?

Infraspinatus

Type of Muscle: Thorax (posterior view)

What is G?

Teres Minor

Type of Muscle: Thorax (posterior view)

What is H?

Teres Major

Type of Muscle: Thorax (posterior view)

What is I?

Latissimus dorsi

Type of Muscle: Thorax (posterior view)

What is J?

Lumbodorsal facisa

Type of Muscle: Thorax (posterior view)

What is K?

Pectoralis Minor

Type of muscle: Thorax (anterior view)

What is A?

Pectoralis Major

Type of muscle: Thorax (anterior view)

What is B?

Serratus Anterior

Type of muscle: Thorax (anterior view)

What is C?

External Oblique

Type of muscle: Thorax (anterior view)

What is D?

Rectus Abdominis

Type of muscle: Thorax (anterior view)

What is E?

Internal Oblique

Type of muscle: Thorax (anterior view)

What is F?

Frontalis

Type of muscle: Head and Neck (Frontal View)

What is A?

Temporalis

Type of muscle: Head and Neck (Frontal View)

What is B?

Orbicularis Oculi

Type of muscle: Head and Neck (Frontal View)

What is C?

Zygomaticus Minor

Type of muscle: Head and Neck (Frontal View)

What is D?

Zygomaticus Major

Type of muscle: Head and Neck (Frontal View)

What is E?

Nasalis

Type of muscle: Head and Neck (Frontal View)

What is F?

Orbicularis Oris

Type of muscle: Head and Neck (Frontal View)

What is G?

Masseter

Type of muscle: Head and Neck (Lateral View)

What is H?

Sternocleiodomastoid

Type of muscle: Head and Neck (Lateral View)

What is I?

Occipitalis

Type of muscle: Head and Neck (Lateral View)

What is J?