Chapter 5 BIOL 2460

protists

protozoa - animal-like, unicellular

algae - plant-like, uni/multicellular

plankton

protozoa

unicellular

non-photosynthetic

motile eukaryotic microbe

2 stage - trophozoites, cysts

protozoa reproduction

sexual- fusing haploid gametes (syngamy/conjugation)

asexual - schizogeny,

protozoa cell structure

plasmalemma - pellicle (membrane band of protein for rigidness)

can be ectoplasm/endoplasm

protozoa feeding structure

cytosome - food intake

holozoic - whole food intake

ssaprozoic - smaller food intake

cytoproct - exocytosis waste

protozoa locomotion structure

pseudopodia - extensions to cell surface

protozoa unique organelles

contractile vacuoles - regulate osmotic pressure

kinetoplastid - DNA bundles in flagella

hydrogenosomes - make ATP w/o O2

protozoan taxonomy

polyphlyetic

amoebozoa

excavata

chromalveolata

amoebozoa

Entamoeba histolytica - amoebic dysentery

naegleria fowleri - meningeoncephalitis (brain eating amoeba)

acanthamoeoba - keratitis (related to contact lenses)

amoebozoa (slime molds)

cellular slime mold - individuals combine together to create mobile slug (produce haploid spores)

plasmodial slime mold - big amoeboid with multiple nuclei, create reproductive stalk (produce spores

Chromalveolata

plastids - contain photosynthetic pigment

Apicomplexans

apical complex - can create infection from organelles, vacuoles, & microtubules

Apicomplexans (prominent genera)

plasmodium - infect animal cells, life-cycle between multiple hosts (malaria)

cryptosporidium - cysts contaminate drinking water (cause intestinal symptom)

babesia microti - ticks & blood transfusion (cause fever & hemolysis)

toxoplasma gondii - agent of toxoplasmosis (from cat feces, unwashed produce, & uncooked meat)

ciliates (Chromalveolata)

use locomotion for feeding

reproduce via conjugation

oomycetes

water mold

phytophthora infestans - potato blight

Excavata

characteristic depression on cell surface

fornicata

parabasalia

euglenozoa

fornicata

no mitochondria but has flagella

giardia lamblia - giardia disease (contaminated water), cysts spread via feces

parabasalia

endosymbionts & cockroaches

modified mitochondria (kinetoplast)

trichomonas vaginalis - STD trichomoniasis

euglenozoa

photo/non-photosynthetic

2 flagella, stigma & chloroplasts

non-pathogenic

exception of pathogenic - genus trypanosoma (african sleeping sickness & chagus disease)

helminths

multicellular parasite

why study - larvae & eggs microscopic

groups - round worms (phylum nematoda)

flatworms (phylum platyhelminthes)

ascaris lumbriocoides

largest roundworm in humans

Enterobius vermicularis (pin worm)

most common nematode found in human

toxocara

common in dogs & cats transmitted to human

14% humans have antibody

flukes (trematodes)

nonsegmented with oral sucker

schistosoma - causes schistosomiasis (freshwater snails)

tapeworms (cestodes)

segmented with sucker/hook at scolex

taenia - beef & pork tapeworm (from undercooked/contaminated meat)

fungi

heterotrophic & mostly saprophytic

mycoses (illness by fungi)

molds (fungi)

multicellular

hyphae (filamentous structure) -

septate hyphae (have walls between cells)

coenocytic hyphae (no cell walls or membranes between cells)

dimorphic fungi - appear either yeast/mold

sexual - cross or self-fertilization

asexual - mitosis, budding, fragmentation of hyphae

ascomycota

ascospores - sexual spores

conidia - asexual spores

aspergillus - mold, common cause of allergies & infection tissue

candida albicans - yeast, (vaginal yeast infection, oral thrush, candidiasis)

penicillium - mold, antibiotics producer

basidiomycota

produce basidiospores

decomposer & food source

ex.) puffballs, mushrooms, rusts, stinkhorns

amanita phalloides - poisonous mushroom known as death cap

microsporidia

unicellular intracellular parasites

microsporidiosis (uses human as host)

zygomycota

mucor - necrotizing infections in humans

algae

Chromalveolata

Archaeplastida

autotrophic protists

Chromalveolata

dinoflagellates & stramenopiles

phototrophic/heterotrophic/mixotrophic

dinoflagellates

2 flagella

theca (cellulose armor)

produce neurotoxin

shellfish poison

stramenopiles

golden algae (chrysophytes)

Archaeplastida (red/green algae)

prototheca - causes protothecosis (from sewage &soil)

lichens

soil & rock decomposers

non-pathogenic

produce antimicrobials

mutaulism

crustose

foliose

fruticose