IT_APP MIDTERM REVIEWER

Data

Set of facts and figures. Sequence of binary digits. Raw, unprocessed facts or figures without context. It can be numbers, text, symbols, or measurements collected from various sources.

Information

Data that is organized, with linguistic meaning. Processed, organized, and structured data that provides meaning or insight. It is useful for decision-making.

Digitization

process from analog to digital (digital enablement) Scanning of files, recording of presentation, inputting of information. More on data conversion and making data accessible in digital form

Digitalization

use of digital technologies to change a business model (cloud computing, machine learning, business intelligence). More on business transformation and optimizing and transforming operations

Internet

a global network of interconnected computers and servers that communicate using standard protocol

Cyberspace

A broader, abstract concept that refers to the virtual environment created by digital interactions, including online communication, transactions, and digital content. Constitutes both the internet and WWW

World wide web

subset of the Internet consisting of websites and webpages that can be accessed through web browsers. It operates using HTTP/HTTPS protocols.

Database

collection of data stored in a specific location. MSAccess and Oracle

Network

Connection between 2 or more computers established for exchanging information

Local Area Network (LAN)

A network that connects computers and devices within a limited area. Covers a small geographical area, uses ethernet cables/Wi-Fi. Uses the transmission protocl or industrial protocol ethernet.

Wireless LAN (WLAN)

A type of LAN that connects devices wirelessly using Wi-Fi instead of physical cables. Commonly used in offices, public places.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A network that covers a large geographical area (cities, countries, globally). Often connecting multiple LANs. Largest network type. Uses fiber optics, satellite, leased lines or cellular networks (4G/5G)

Personal Area Network (PAN)

A network designed for a single person. Connects personal devices using Bluetooth, Infrared or USB

System

collection of parts that interact and work together, used to achieve a common objective.

Modern Computer System

Program - Output - Storage Feedback Control.

Process

Central Processing Unit, handling input/output operations within a computer system.

Primary Storage

Random Access Memory and Read Only Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM)

A volatile memory, provides fast access to the data that is actively used/processed by the CPU. Temporary storage only, used for multitasking and processing. Data can be overwritten

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Non-volatile memory that stores permanent instructions needed for booting up a computer. Stores firmware.

Secondary Storage

Traditional and Cloud Storage

Graphic User Interface (GUI)

Desktop itself, a visual interface that allows users to interact with the computer using icons, windows, buttons and menus instead of typing text commands (WindowOS, Android/iOS)

Command Line Interface (CLI)

text-based interface where users type commands to interact with the system

Information System

refers to a set of interrelated component to support decision making in an organization. (Information Processing and Data Maintenance). data processing functions that are commonly related to internal operations and economic and financial activities

Information processing

The process of collecting, organizing, analyzing, storing and presenting data. Involves IPO, uses software, databases and computing systems to process data. refers to a system’s functional activities such as adding, saving, deleting, updating, retrieving and editing data

Data Maintenance

A system’s functional activities. The process of storing, updating, securing and ensuring the accuracy of data in an information system. It keeps the database clean, consistent and up to date.

Information Process, Operation Process and Management Process

components of business process

Information process

related to a specific business process. Transactional in nature.

Operation process

man-made IS that consists of people, policies, procedures and equipment whose main objective is to accomplish a certain goal of a particular business organization.

Management process

consists of people, policies, procedures and equipment whose main objective is to plan, manage and control overall operations of a business organization.More on the conduct and control

Functional perspective

the medium itself, the purpose of the medium (whether to disseminate information etc, the purpose or function)

Structural perspective

concerned with forming a cohesive framework which serves as a guide on organization

Transaction Processing System, Management information system, Decision support system, Executive Information System

other types of information system

Transaction processing system

transactional, processing of data is in real-time

Management Information System

summarized, organized, information used by managers.

Decision support system

delivering information to senior managers

Executive information systems

information used by top managers

Planning, Requirements, Design, Development, Testing, Deployment, Maintenance

Software development life cycle

1950-60s

First computer ENIAC Electronic numerical integrator and computer. Mechanical level

1970s

Mainframe-based, IBM Mainframe

1980s

Client server, Microsoft ffice, OS

1990s

World Wide Web

2000s

social computing

STS, HCI, IT, Technology

Computer System Levels

STS

How technology interacts with social elements and how it influences one another. Community + HCIs

HCI

Person to IT, interfaces that will be convenient and can be customized

IT

Softwares and devices

Technology

any device

Mechanical, Informational, Personal, Community Level

Computing Levels

Cloud computing

refers to an on-demand access through the internet, to computing resources, data storage, development tools, and networking capabilities hosted at a remote data center managed by a cloud services provider.

Components of System Software

User, application software, device drivers, system software and utility programs

Application software

word processing, spreadsheet, database, graphics etc.

Purpose of Operating system

operates and controls computer hardware and runs application software

Purpose of application software

provides services and information directly to users and activities on a computer

Operating System

refers to the softare that coordinates the resources and

Booting

Cold boot, warm boot and boot disk. Either power on or restart your computer.

Cold boot

shutdown to power on

Warm boot

restarting your computer

Boot disk

A Boot Disk is a removable storage device (USB, CD/DVD, or floppy disk) that contains the necessary files to boot a computer.

CPU Management

Memory management, queues and buffers, spooling

Queue

a data structure that follows FIFO, when multiple documents are sent to a printer, they are processed in order

Buffers

A temporary storage area used to hold data while it is being transferred between two devices or processes.

Spooling

a technique where data is temporarily stored in a queue on disk before being processed by a slow peripheral device

Microsoft Office 365

refers to a cloud-based productivity platform that include office applications as well as intelligent cloud services and advanced security.

Computing

process of using computer technology to complete a goal-oriented task, involves computer hardware, software, data and procedures. Associated with designing, constructing and programming

Tele-conferencing

refers to the use of online technology to conduct meetings with multiple people from various groups from different geographic locations.

Computerized Tele-conferencing

refers to a type of teleconferencing that is accessed through a computer terminal that is connected to a specific conference network.More advanced like Zoom, Microsoft, Teams or Google Meet

Cloud Computing

refers to an on-demand access, through the internet to computing resources, data storage, development tools and networking capabilities hosted at a remote data center manage by a cloud services provided (Google Drive, Gmail). Renting rather than buying, server space or access to a specific software.

Cloud Service Delivery Models

Software as Service, Platform as a Service, Infrastructure as service.

Software as a service

allows users to connect and to use cloud-based applications over the internet and provides a complete software solution purchased as a pay-as-you go basis. (Hosted applications/apps) Provides ready to use softwares that they can access via web browser (Docs, Sheets, Drive)

Platform as a Service

refers to a complete development and deployment environment in the cloud and allows to avoid the expense and complexity of buying and managing software licenses. (Social application form, Business Application platform, Computing Platform, Web application platform). Development tools database management, business analytics, operating systems)(Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Services)

Infrastructure as a Service

refers to a type of cloud computing service that offers essential compute, storage, and networking resources on demand. Reduces capital expenditure, increases scale of IT Workloads, stability, and improves disaster recovery (Servers and storage, networking ). firewalls/security/data center)

Cloud Deployment Models

Private, Community, Public and Hybrid Cloud

Private Cloud

cloud dedicated to a single organization

Community Cloud

a cloud shared by multiple organizations with similar interests, security or compliance needs

Public Cloud

open to the public (where services are provided on a pay-per-use basis) (Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive)

Hybrid Cloud

Combination of private and public clouds. Ex- A bank storing customer transactions in a private cloud but using a public cloud for customer-facing services.

Mobile Computing

allows users to transfer information over a specific network from one remote location to another through the use of a mobile device.

Green Computing

involves reducing the environmental impact of technology by using less energy, reducing waste and promoting sustainability.

Design, Manufacture, Use, Dispose

Stage of Green computing

Grid Computing

refers to a group of networked computers that work together as a virtual supercomputer to perform large tasks

Machine Learning

Branch of artificial intelligence, focuses on the use of data and algorithms to imitate human learning. Created using frameworks that accelerate solution development.

Supervised Training

Model is trained using label data, meaning the input data has known outputs. The model learns over time (Example - spam detection by emails)

Unsupervised Training

trains on unlabeled data, meaning the algorithm must find patterns, structures, or clusters on its own (Example - detecting fraud in banking transactions)

Reinforced Training

reinforcement learning trains an agent through trial and error using a reward system (Example - self driving cars).

Neural Networks

subfield of machine learning, comprises of node layers which connect to another. Create an adaptive system that computers use for continuous improvement. (Image and speech recognition, stock price prediction)

Inner layer of node

receives the data

Hidden layer of node

performs intermediate calculations

Output layer of node

produces the final result.

Deep learning

subfield of neural network, processes unstructured data in its raw form. Eliminates human intervention required and enables the use of larger data sets (Example - image recognition, has multiple hidden layers)

Business Intelligence

refers to the capabilities that enable organizations to make better decisions, take informed actions and implement more-efficient business processes.

Data Science

refers to the process of building, cleaning and structuring datasets to analyze and extract meaning

Data Analytics

Data is ubiquitous

meaning it is collected at every purchase made, flight taken, ad clicked, social media post liked.

Data literacy

the ability to analyze, interpret and even question data.

Gain customer insights

Data about your customer can reveal details about their haits, demographics, preferences and aspirations.

Increase security

You can also use data science to increase your business’s security and protect sensitive information. For example, machine-learning algorithms can detect bank fraud faster and with greater accuracy than humans, simply because of the sheer volume of data generated every day

Inform internal finances

Your organization’s financial team can utilize data science to create reports, generate forecasts, and analyze financial trends. Data on a company’s cash flows, assets, and debts is constantly gathered, which financial analysts use to manually or algorithmically detect trends in financial growth or decline

Streamline manufacturing

Manufacturing machines gather data from production processes at high volumes. In cases where the volume of data collected is too high for a human to manually analyze it, an algorithm can be written to clean, sort, and interpret it quickly and accurately to gather insights that drive cost-saving improvements

Predict future market trends

Collecting and analyzing data on a larger scale can enable you to identify emerging trends in your market. By staying up to date on the behaviors of your target market, you can make business decisions that allow you to get ahead of the curve