Gross 2 Exam 3

Which 9 regions of the abdomen is the liver found

Right hypochondrium and epigastric

Which 9 regions of the abdomen is the spleen and fundus of stomach found

Left hypochondrium region

T/F quadrant system of abdomen is more accurate than 9 region system

False, quadrants less reliable due to variability of umbilicus

Where can the umbilicus be found

Variable between L2 and L5 cord level

2 subdivisions of the superficial fascia of anterior abdominal wall

Superficial layer (Camper's Fascia), Deep layer (Scarpa's fascia)

Extravasation of urine

Rupture of spongy urethra causing urine to leak into potential space between Scarpa's fascia and deep fascia of abdomen

Where does urine spread in extravasation of urine

Superiorly into the anterior abdominal wall

T/F extravasation of urine is exclusive to males and caused by trauma

True

Linea Alba

median tendinous raphe extending from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis

Where can the linea alba be found?

Between left and right rectus abdominis muscles

What is the largest raphe in the body

Linea alba

External oblique action

compress and support abdominal viscera, flex and rotate trunk

External oblique innervation

Anterior primary of lower 6 thoracic nerves

Internal oblique action

compress and support abdominal viscera, flex and rotate trunk

Internal oblique innervation

anterior primary rami of lower 6 thoracic and first lumbar nerves

Transversus abdominus action

compresses the abdomen, supports abdominal viscera

Transversus abdominus innervation

anterior primary rami of lower 6 thoracic and first lumbar nerves

Rectus Abdominis action

compresses the abdomen, supports abdominal viscera, anterior flexor of trunk

Rectus Abdominis innervation

anterior primary rami of lower 6 thoracic nerves

T/F rectus abdominis inserts into linea alba

FALSE

Linea Semilunaris

Curved line along the lateral border of rectus abdominis

Tendinous intersections (6-pack)

3 bundles of connective tissue that run across rectus abdominis and fuse with rectus sheath

Pyramidalis muscle innervation

subcostal nerve

Pyramidalis muscle function

tenses linea alba

If present where is the pyramidalis muscle located

anterior to the rectus abdominis within its sheath

Visceral function of anterior abdominal wall muscles

Coughing, sneezing, vomiting, defecation, micturition, parturition

What muscles are contained in the rectus sheath?

Rectus abdominis muscle and pyramidalis muscle

What arteries and veins are found in the rectus sheath?

Superior and inferior epigastric artery and vein

What nerves are associated with the rectus sheath?

Anterior primary rami of lower 6 thoracic nerves

Arcuate Line

crescent shaped line located midway between the umbilicis and pubic crest

Median Umbilical fold

contains the urachus

Medial umbilical fold

contains obliterated umbilical artery

Lateral umbilical fold

contains the inferior epigastric vessels

Supravesical fossa

urinary bladder, between median and medial umbilical folds

Medial Inguinal fossa

between medial and lateral umbilical folds

Lateral inguinal fossa

lateral to the lateral umbilical fold

Ligamentum Teres

contains the obliterated umbilical vein, free edge of falciform ligament attaching to liver

Blood Supply to anterior abdominal wall

Superior and inferior epigastric arteries, Lumbar arteries, Deep Circumflex iliac artery

Innervation of anterior abdominal wall

Lower 6 thoracic nerves between internal oblique and transversus abdominis

Inguinal ligament

extends from ASIS to pubic tubercle

Lacunar Ligament

mostly medial fibers of inguinal ligament which are inserted into super pubic ramus

Pectineal ligament

lateral extension of lacunar ligament along pecten pubis (pectineal line)

Things that pass thorugh inguinal canal

Spermatic Cord, Round ligament of the Uterus, Ilioinguinal nerve

Conjoint Tendon

strengthens the posterior wall of the medial half of the inguinal canal

Anterior wall of the inguinal canal

aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle

Posterior wall of the inguinal canal

conjoint tendon and transversalis fascia

Roof of the inguinal canal

arching fibers of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis

Floor of the inguinal canal

inguinal and lacunar ligaments

Superficial Inguinal Ring

triangular opening in the external oblique aponeurosis

where can the superficial inguinal ring be found

Immediately lateral to the pubic tubercle

Lateral crus of inguinal ring

inserts onto the pubic tubercle

Medial Crus of inguinal ring

inserts onto the pubic crest

Deep inguinal Ring

opening within the transversalis fascia

Where is the deep inguinal ring located

Above the inguinal ligament midway between the ASIS and pubic symphysis

Medial boundary of Inguinal Triangle

lateral edge of the rectus abdominis muscle

Lateral boundary of Inguinal Triangle

Inferior epigastric vessels

Inferior boundary of Inguinal Triangle

Inguinal ligament

Clinical significance of Inguinal Triangle

Direct inguinal hernias occur here

T/F the Inguinal Canal is present at birth

TRUE

2 things that strengthen the inguinal canal

Oblique positioning allowing the same muscles that increase pressure to narrow the canal, Conjoint tendon

Indirect Inguinal Hernias

Pass lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels, may be congenital or acquired

T/F direct inguinal hernias are more common

False Indirect account for 75% of inguinal hernias

Direct inguinal hernia

Passes medial to the inferior epigastric vessels, always acquired

Femoral Hernia

More common in females, passes through femoral canal

Umbilical hernia

Incomplete closure of anterior abdominal wall, also due to defects in the linea alba

External Spermatic Fascia

Derived from the external oblique aponeurosis

Cremaster Fascia

Derived from internal oblique aponeurosis

Internal spermatic fascia

derived from transversalis fascia

Cremaster muscle function

retracts testis and temperature regulation of sperm

Ductus Deferens

muscular duct that transports sperm from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

Testicular artery is a branch of __________________

Abdominal aorta

Pampiniform plexus of Veins

network of veins that make up spermatic cord, joint together at deep inguinal ring to form testicular vein

left testicular vein drains into the ________________

Left renal vein

Right testicular vein drains into the ________________

Inferior vena cava

Artery to the ductus deferens

branch of the superior vesical artery

Cremasteric artery

branch of the inferior epigastric artery

Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

supplies the cremaster muscle

T/F Ilioinguinal nerve is part of the spermatic cord

FALSE, just runs with it

Why doesn't the scrotum have fat

Maintaining temperature below body temp

Contents of the Scrotum

testes, epididymis, lower part of the spermatic cord

Dartos Muscle

Functions in temperature regulation

Tunica Vaginalis Parietal layer

Parietal layer-internal to the internal spermatic fascia

Tunica Vaginalis Visceral layer

Firmly adherent to the testis and epidymis

Anterior abdominal wall is homologous with _______________________

Scrotum

Subcutaneous tissue is homologous with ________________________

Dartos Muscle

External Oblique Muscle is homologous with __________________

External Spermatic Fascia

Internal Oblique muscle is homologous with ___________________________

Cremasteric Fascia and cremaster msucle

Transversalis Fascia is homologous with __________________________

Internal Spermatic Fascia

Peritoneum homologous with ___________________________

Tunica Vaginalis

Hydrocele

accumulation of fluid within tunica vaginalis of testes

Two functions of testis

Production of sperm and secretion of androgens

Tunica Albuginea

fibrous outer covering testis, deepest layer of scrotum

Mediastinum Testis

compartment in the posterior part of the testis where the septa converge

Seminiferous Tubules

Sperm production portion of testes

Rete Testis

canals located within the mediastinum testis which empty the estraight tubules

Efferent Ductules

ducts connecting rete testis to head of epididymis

The testis drain into _______________________

Lumbar nodes

The scrotum drains in to the _____________________

superficial inguinal nodes

Gubernaculum Testis

ligament that contracts to pull the testis downward through inguinal canal during its descent

Cryptochidism

Undescended testes, can cause infertility but androgen secretion is unimpaired