CHAPTER 1: HUMAN ORGANISMS

Anatomy

Scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structures

Anatomy

Dissect or cut

Anatomy

Examines the relationship between the structure of a body parts and its function

Developmental Anatomy

Structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood

Embryology

Consider changes from conception to the end of eighth week of development

Cytology

Examines the structural features of cells

Histology

Examines tissues

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures that can be examined without the aid of microscope

System

A group of structures that have one or more common functions

Systematic Anatomy

Body is studied system by system

Regional Anatomy

Body is studied area by area

Surface anatomy

Looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body

Anatomical Imaging

Uses technologies to create a pictures of internal structures

Anatomical Imaging

Allows medical personnel to look inside the body with amazing accuracy

Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)

Became the first medical scientist to use x-rays to see inside the body

Anatomical Anomalies

Physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern

Blue Baby syndrome

Certain blood vessels arising from an infants heart are not attached in their correct locations

physiology

Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

Cell physiology

Examines the processes occurring in cells

Cardiovascular physiology

Focuses on the heart and blood vessels

Neurophysiology

Focuses on the function of the nervous system

Pathology

Medical science dealing with all aspects of disease

Exercise physiology

Focuses on the changes in function and structure cause by exercise

Chemical Level, Cell level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level

Level of organization for the human body

Chemical Level

Involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Organelles

Carry out particular functions such as digestion and movement

Tissue

Composed of a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

The body is made up of four basic tissue types

Organ

Composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions

Organ system

A group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit

Nervous, Cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, muscular, skeletal, integumentary, endocrine, lymphatic, reproductive system

11 major system

organism

Any living thing considered as whole whether composed of one cell or trillions of vell

Brain, heart, lungs, liver, stomach, spleen, large intestines, small intestines, pancreas, kidney, gallbladder, urinary bladder, urethra

Major organs in the body

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction

Characteristics of life

Integumentary system

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss and help produces vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails and sweat glands

Skeletal system

Provides protection and support, allows body movement, produces blood cells and stores minerals and adipose. Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints

Muscular system

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat.

Nervous system

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.

Endocrine system

A major regular system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other functions

Cardiovascular system

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of the body temperature

Lymphatic System

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract.

Respiratory system

Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.

Digestive System

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.

Urinary System

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance

Female Reproductive System

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.

Male Reproductive System

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.

organization

refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.

metabolism

is the ability to use energy and to perform vital functions.

responsiveness

is an organism’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.

growth

refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism

development

includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death.

differentiation

involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a CHAPTER 1 The Human Organism 9 mature, specialized state.

Morphogenesis

is the change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.

reproduction

is the formation of new cells or new organisms.

Homeostasis

Keeping the inside of your body stable and balanced even when things outside are changing.

homeostasis

the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite changes inside or outside the body, allowing cells to function normally.

healthy balance, organs work together, maintains a stable environment, everything stays just right

H.O.M.E

temperature, blood sugar, ph, water balance and oxygen levels

Homeostasis keeps conditions such as ——, ——, ——, ——, and —— within a normal range so that cells can function properly.

negative feedback

is a control mechanism in which a change in the body is reversed or reduced.

receptor, control center, effector

The 3 Parts of a Negative-Feedback System

negative feedback

a homeostatic mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers responses that oppose the original change and return the variable toward its normal range or set point.

positive feedback

a control mechanism in which the body's response increases or amplifies the original stimulus, making the change even greater until a specific event is completed.

Anatomical position

refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward

Supine

person is — when lying face upward

Prone

person is —— when lying face downward

Directional terms

describe parts of the body relative to each other.

Right and left

Used as directional terms in anatomical positions

Superior

Means above

Inferior

Means below

Anterior

In front of

Posterior

Behind

Cephalic

Closer to the head than another structure (usually

synonymous with superior)

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment to the body than

another structure

Caudal

Closer to the tail than another structure

Ventral

Toward the belly (synonymous with anterior)

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment to the body than

another structure

Dorsal

Toward the back (synonymous with posterior )

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Superficial

Toward or on the surface

Deep

Away from the surface, internal

Frontal (Forehead), nasal (nose), oral (mouth), buccal (cheek), mental (chin), orbital (eye), otic (ear)

Head

Cervical (neck), clavicle (collarbone)

Neck

Pectoral (chest), sternal (breastbone), mammary (breast)

Thoracic

Abdominal (abdomen), umbilical (navel)

Abdomen

Pelvic (pelvis), inguinal (groin), pubic (genital)

pelvis

Thorax, pelvis, abdomen

Three parts of trunk

Clavicular (collarbone), axillary (armpit), branchial (arm), ante cubital (front of the elbow), ante brachial (forearm), manual (hand)

Upper limb

Carpal (wrist), palmar (palm), digital (fingers)

Hand

Coral (hip), patellar (kneecap), femoral (thigh), crural (leg), pedal (foot)

Lower limb

Talus (ankle), dorsum (top of foot), digital (toes)

Foot