South Africa 1989-99

De Klerk’s actions in 1989

allowed Tutu and Boesak’s protest march to proceed, had a private meeting with Tutu, Boesak and Chikane, released elderly anti-apartheid activists, visited Mandela in prison

De Klerk’s speech and other actions in 1990

1990 - unbanned the ANC, PAC, and the SACP; lifted separate amenities act, freed Mandela and others imprisoned for banned organisations

Declared the NP non-racial and withdrew troops from Namibia

Mandela became president of ANC

August 1990

De Klerk withdrew SA army from Namibia, why

agreement with Reagan and Gorbachev - Namibia became independent March 1990

reasons why de Klerk abandoned apartheid

internal unrest, political calculation, willingness of ANC, international pressure

why did many parties like Inkatha and leaders of the Bantustans begin supporting NP

because they would lose power if ANC came into government

NP voting outcome 1989

had less than 50%

CODESA established, who represented

1991 - 19 groups represented

De Klerk and NP’s tactics

appeared to change their views, distancing themselves from apartheid - but wanting to have a power-sharing government; wanted to be a ‘middle solution’ - divided ethnic groups and promoted and funded violence so it seemed majority rule would not work

Mandela impact on negotiations

not bitter after release, prevented a civil war after Hani’s assassination, but had heated exchange with de Klerk, broke off negotiations after Boipatong

de Klerk impact on negotiations

accused ANC of committing violence while talking peace, took their time hoping for ANC concessions, financed violence, created fund for Inkatha violence, but repealed apartheid restrictions (maybe just to meet US demands)

why was there lack of trust between NP and ANC

NP always said ANC were communists, ANC didn’t want to put the crimes of the NP behind them, Winnie Mandela began being accused of many crimes, youth comrades didn’t think ANC was militant enough, ANC members attacked by Inkatha and police

What did Inkatha do

began violent attacks on other black people: in Natal and Johannesburg where Zulu migrant workers were

when and outcome of peaceful march protesting high rent in Sebokeg

1990 - police open fired and 14 killed

what did the sebokeng attack cause

‘seven days war’ - outbreak of violence in KwaZulu Natal - between Inkatha members and UDF. Police and kitskonstabels helped destroy UDF houses, around 200 killed

how many died in August, violence between township residents and Zulu migrant workers

500

AWB acts in 1990

shootings and bombings on ANC buildings, and mosques, synagogues and black trade unions - july, 2 killed

AWB actions in 1991

2000 disrupted de Klerk’s speech, shooting SA police, police fired back and killed 3

what happened to openly identified leaders of ANC, PAC, and UDF - 1992

tortured and killed

when and what was Boipatong

June 1992 - Inkatha forces entered Boipatong and killed 46 people, mainly women adn children. security forces did not prevent this

what did boipatong lead to

Mandela called off negotiations

mass action in 1992

ANC, SACP and COSATU had a 48-hour strike, 100,000 marched on union building led by Mandela

what happened at Bisho

7,000 ANC members marched on Bisho, leader was threatened and fired on them killing 30

why did de Klerk restore negotiations and how

he was losing morality, his funding of Inkatha was now public. He had to promise to have a national election by April 1994

result of 1992 referendum

60% of white people wanted to continue negotiations

what replaced CODESA and when did it begin

Multi-Party Negotiating Forum, began April 1993

What was the Interim Constitution (4 points)

guarantee jobs of all civil servants, police, and army who had served under the apartheid government, have a power sharing system for 5 years - any party with more than 20% can have a deputy and over 5% can have a member of government, no party could veto, only lasted 5 yeasrs

who came up with the interim constitution

Joe Slovo

when was Chris Hani murdered

april 1993

what did Hani’s death lead to

fixing a date for the elections

when was the storming of Kempton Park

25th June 1993

Inkatha actions lead up to elections

still wanted national African leadership, violence continued on their behalf. Killing of election volunteers by Inkatha supporters, but then decided to begin campaigning

PAC actions lead up to elections

had lots of support, but 25th August 1993 - PAC supporters beat to death an American student (Amy Biehl) who had been working to end apartheid

AWB actions lead up to elections

continued bombings and assassinations, killed Hani, stormed the SA World Trade centre

AWB invasion of Bop, outcome

March 1994, shot down by Bop army and defeated

1994 election results

ANC won with 53%, NP got 20% and Inkatha got 10%

Government of National Unity

began in April 1994 and ended in 1996

new constitution signed

December 1996 by Mandela in Sharpeville

Features of new constitution

bill of rights (recognised equality and banned discrimination), system of Majority Rule that would begin in 1999

Who replaced Mandela as President

Thabo Mbeki

Reconstruction and development programme and reasons for its implementation

launched in 1994 - aimed to make significant changes to SA by 2000.

Current situation - unemployment at 29% and 17 million lived in poverty