Speech and Hearing Science Exam 1

why do we study speech science?

medium for speech

air

sound

disturbance of particles in a medium, created when a force disturbs the molecules and changes ambient pressure

echo

distance between reflective source and eardrum is substantial

constructive interference

waves combine, increases amplitude

destructive interference

waves combine, decreases amplitude

Brownian motion

molecules constantly move around in random patterns at extremely high speeds

pressure

force acting perpendicularly on a specific surface

air pressure units

Dynes/cm^2

Psi

MKS-1 μbar = 1 dyne/cm^2

CGS^-1Nt/m^2 = 1Pa

CmH2o

barometer

mmHg

atm

air moves from ____ to ____ pressure

high to low

volume velocity

how fast the gas is flowing

density

m/V

boyles law

as volume decreases pressure increases if constant temperature

ambient pressure

constand pressure created by the molecules around us

positive pressure

above atmospheric pressure

negative pressure

below atmospheric pressure

air molecules in compression

pushed closer together

air molecules in rarefaction

air molecules pushed apart more than normally

laminar flow

molecules moving in a parallel manner and at the same speed

turbulent flow

occurs when an obstacle is in the way and disturbs the flow

elasticity

restoring force, allows medium to resist permanent distortion after being acted on by external forces

acceleration

directly proportional to force applied and inversely proportional to object's mass

inertia

allows body in motion to stay in motion and a body at rest to remain at rest (unless acted upon by an outside force)

how do elasticity and inertia forces interact?

they keep the molecules in motion once they have been disturbed

sound on a sine curve

ways to represent sound visually

- waveform graph

- sine wave/sine curve

- envelope

- spectrum

- spectrogram

pure tone

vibrating at a single fixed frequency

vowels

complex periodic sounds with musical tone

voiceless consonants

aperiodic complex sounds that sound like noise

voiced stop and fricative consonants

combination of aperiodic and periodic complex sounds

fundamental frequency

lowest frequency of a complex sound

harmonics

multiples of the fundamental frequency

simple harmonic motion

simple sinusoidal, pure tone

cycle

one back and forth movement of a molecule

period

time per cycle

frequency

cycles per time

pitch

perceptual correlate of frequency, how we perceive sound

envelope

line spectra to represent complex aperiodic sounds

spectrogram

visual display produced by sound spectrograph. It shows frequency and amplitude varations as well as temporal information.

spectrum

allows you to visualize harmonics. Vertical axis displays the amount of acoustic energy at each harmonic. The horizontal axis represents frequency.

intensity

- amount of power to generate a certain output

- P/A

- amplitude^2

amplitude

- maximum displacement of particles in a medium

- amount of motion of a vibratory source or amount of pressure change

- dynes/cm^2

waveform

- demonstrates air pressure changes over time

- graph of amplitude vs time

wavelength

distance per cycle cycle

aperiodic

wave with individual cycles occurring in different amounts of time

periodic

a wave in which every cycle takes the same amount of time to occur

absorption

dampening of the sound wave. Sound E enters structure and is converted to thermal energy and dissipated

reflection

portion of sound not absorbed and travels in the opposite direction back from the surface

reverberation

reflection of the sound wave prolongs the existence of sound

subsonic

infrasonic below 20 Hz

frequencies humans hear best at

1000, 2000, 4000 Hz

supersonic

ultrasonic above 20,000 Hz

bandpass filter

passes between a particular frequency range

lowpass filter

passes acoustic energy below a certain upper cutoff

highpass filter

passes energy above a specific frequency cutoff

bandstop/bandreject filter

blocks a specific range of frequencies

speed of sound in air

331m/s at 0° C

medium on sound traveling

- more tightly packed molecules means sound travels faster

- gas < liquid < solid

temperature on sound traveling

sound travels faster in warmer air

material on sound reflection

hard/smooth surfaces reflect more sound

material on absorption

soft/porous or rough surfaced material absorbs more sound

complex sound

E at more than one frequency

types of sounds that compose speech

complex periodic and aperiodic waves

mass on rate of vibration/pitch

larger mass = slower rate

length on rate of vibration/pitch

increased length = slower rate

tension on rate of vibration/pitch

increased tension/stiffness = quicker rate

resonant frequency

natural frequency an object vibrates when set into motion

forced vibration

one object can set another into vibration if resonant frequencies are close

what type of resonator do we use to produce/form speech sounds?

acoustic resonators

shape of tube on resonance

- symmetrical tube: filter sharply or narrowly tuned and lightly damped

- irregular shaped tube: broadly tuned or heavily damped

what type of filter is the vocal tract?

band pass filter, irregularly shaped

describe respiration and air exchange (include how oxygen gets to the blood)

parts of the lung

pleural linkage and its importance

respiratory rate at rest children vs adults

resting expiratory level

breathing for speech vs breathing for life

tidal volume

inspiratory reserve volume

expiratory reserve volume

residual volume

vital capacity

functional residual capacity

total lung capacity