BIO Reproductive system and Biotechnology

Name all the parts of the male reproductive organs

• testis

• scrotum

• epididymis

• sperm duct

• seminal vesicle

• urethra

• erectile tissue

Name all the parts of the female reproductive organs

• vagina

• cervix

• oviduct

• endometrium

• uterus

• clitoris

List 4 roles of testosterone

1. Increased muscle mass

2. Deepening of voice

3. Enlargement of penis

4. Production of sperm cells

Explain how the sperm cell production is controlled

1. Testosterone is controlled by a feedback mechanism

2. FSH and LH increase → Testosterone increases

3. Increased testosterone → decreased FSH and LH

4. Decreased FSH and LH → decreased testosterone

Outline the short term effects of AAS (Anabolic Aandrogenic Steroids)

Increased male secondary sexual characteristics

1. Sperm production

2. Body hair

3. Growth of testicles and penis

4. Voice deepening

Outline the long term effects of AAS (Anabolic Aandrogenic Steroids)

1. Addiction

2. Growth of breast tissue(male) too much testo → estrogen

3. Increased risk of heart attacks, heart muscles grow → higher blood pressure

4. testicles will shrink and produce less sperm → infertility

Explain what happens during the menstrual cycle

1. Menstruation + follicular phase

Day 1-13

• Mens. - Rupture of extra tissue(no fertilisation), decrease in estrogen and progestrone

• Follicie devel. - FSH levels incr. → a follic develop in the ovary. FSH incr. stimulates estrogen prod. in the ovaries

• Estrogen stimulates growth of endometrium

2. Ovulation

Day 14

• Estrogen stimulates the increase of LH.

• LH in hig levels stimulates ovulation, the release of amatured egg into the oviduct

3. Luteal phase

Day 15-28

• The empty follicle forms, corpus luteum

• Corpus luteum produces:

  • Progestrone + Estrogen = growth and maintenance of the endometrium

• Prog. and Estr. inhibit FSH and LH to make sure no other egg is developed or released during this cycle

• If no fertilisation → corpus luteum breaks down and Prog. + Estr. levels decrease → menstruation

Explain how a gel electrophoresis is carried out

• Used to seperate DNA fragments by size

• Samples are placed in a gel, which seperates the molecules based on size, and electrical current make the DNA samples move

• Smaller samples move quicker towards the positive pole (DNA is negatively charged)

How are fragments of DNA are seperated in gel electrophoresis

• Gel acts like a molecular sieve, with smaller pores(kind of like a mesh in the gel that the molecules have to travel through) in higher concentration gels. Smaller DNA fragments can navigate through the pores more easily and move faster, while larger fragments move more slowly.

• Electric field causes the negatively charged DNA fragments to migrate through the gel towards the positive electrode.

• Staining and Visualization: The stained gel allows for the visualization of DNA fragments, which appear as distinct bands. Each band corresponds to DNA fragments of a specific size.

The following part of a DNA profile was used as evidence in a criminal investigation. DNA profiles of two suspects labelled S1 and S2 were compared to the DNA profile taken from the scene of the crime labelled E.

Analyse the profiles to determine which suspect that was present at the crime scene.

What is a primer?

List the criteria of life

1. Metabolism → Chemical reactions inside a cell. Anabolic reaction=building new molecules from smaller molecules(grow), Catabolic reaction=breaking down molecules to create ATP(move).

2. Excreation → getting rid of waste product left over from the metabolic reaction.

3. Reproduction →create offspring sexual or asexual way.

4. Homeostasis → keeping a constant internal environment

5. Response →ability to react to stimuli

6. Nutrition → take in nutrients for gaining energy and building blocks. Autotrophs=make energy on their own, Heterotrophs=need to eat others to get energy and building blocks

7. Growth →to build new molecules and get bigger/more cells

What is a stem cell?

It is:

• a cell that is undifferentiated

• first stem cell in a multicellular organism is called a zygote

• can dicide a tremendous amount of times and form new stem cells or differentiated cells

• role is to replace dead cells (blood and skin cells) and growth

Stem cells can be divided into 3 different groups, what are those three groups called and what defines them?

1. Pluripotent stem cell → Embryonic stem cell, can be differentiated into any body cell. Source → Blastocyst (5-6 weeks after fertilisation), produced in lab through IVF and leftovers are often used for research.

2. Induced pluripotent stem cell → Differentiated cells that are programmed in a lab to become a Pluripotent stem cell. Source → Skin cells or blood cells, you can use any differentiated stem cell, patients own cells can be used to repair a tissue.

3. Adult stem cell/Multipotent stem cell → Can differentiate into a limited amount of cells related to their tissue. Source → Bone marrow

There are 2 types of transport, name them

1. Passive transport → no energy required, transport from high concentration to low concentration in order to balance the conc. differences. Simple diffusion = right through the membrane + Facillitated diffusion = through protein channels

2. Active transport → Require ATP. Transport from low concentration to high. Endocytosis and exocytosis and protein pump.

Name all the parts in a prokaryotic cell

A) Pilli/Pillus
B) Ribosomes
C) Nucleoid
D) Flagellum
E) Cell wall
F) Cell membrane

Extra: a layer outside of cell wall is the capsule

Name all the Biomolecules

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids

What is the monomer of Carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

What is the polymer of Carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides

Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen

What is the function of Carbohydrates?

Energy, cell to cell communication

What is the monomer of Lipids?

Fatty acids, Glycerol

What is the polymer of Lipids?

Fats (triglycerides), Steroids, Phospholipids

What is the function of Lipids?

Long term energy storage, Insulation,