Psychological Pioneers

Experimenters, researchers and some of their findings

Albert Bandura

known for the social learning theory and Bobo doll experiment.

Bobo doll findings

when the doll is punished for aggression, children reduce their own aggression.

Social learning's four requirements for modelling a scenario

attention to tutor, memory retention, motor reproduction and motivation to carry it out.

Solomon Asch

known for his 'giving a clearly incorrect answer' experiment on conformity.

Asch's findings

most participants didn't want to be the odd one out, unless their answer was anonymous.

Stanley Milgram

explored obedience and its limits in a shock experiment.

Milgram's findings

participants obeyed when they were told to cause pain to an innocent person.

Philip Zimbardo

explored power play in his Stanford prison experiment.

Zimbardo's findings

authoritarian personalities can be influenced by situations and social roles.

Ivan Pavlov

classically conditioned his dogs to associate a bell chime with food.

Blocking

the CR won't occur without the CS.

Latent inhibition example in Pavlov's dogs

if they had already heard a bell chime in the past, the conditioning would take longer to start.

Extinction example in Pavlov's dogs

food appears without a bell, association stops.

Charles Darwin

known for the evolutionary perspective.

Evolutionary perspective example

our ancestors needed a fight-or-flight response when hunting wild animals.

John Watson & B.F. Skinner

pioneers of the behaviourist perspective.

Behavioural reinforcement example

positive (add something beneficial) or negative (remove something aversive).

Behavioural punishment example

positive (add something aversive) or negative (remove something beneficial).

Sigmund Freud

coined the psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theory, relating to the past affecting our unconscious.

Manifest content

dream's storyline.

Latent content

dream's meaning (hidden desires).

Edward Titchener

founder of structuralism (all thoughts are incorporated by elements).

Wilhelm Wundt

deemed the father of psychology.

William James

first American psychologist, founder of functionalism.

Functionalism

mental states hold specific functions and shouldn't be overlooked.

Mamie Phipps Clark

a pioneer in Black women's psychology.

Clark doll experiment

explore implicit prejudices in children handling white vs. black dolls.

Carl Jung

individuation refers to becoming your authentic ideal self.

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

humans are innately good and strive to reach their full potential.

Carl Rogers's person-centred/client-centred therapy

humanistic approach to self-actualisation. Clients must face unconditional positive regard.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

we can't reach self-actualisation if we neglect love, esteem, safety, belonging, physiological needs.

Karen Horney

challenged Freud's ideas on unconscious ideas, focussed more on culture and conscious processes.

Karen Horney critiques

thought women were jealous of the 'powerful' penis.

Sigmund Freud critique one

thought men sexually competed with their fathers (Oedipus complex).

Sigmund Freud critique two

thought women sexually competed with their mothers (Electra complex).

Jean Piaget's developmental stages

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

Centration example

"there's no new Wiggles member? The colours are the same".

Object permanence example

"When the toy is hidden, it's gone forever".

Egocentrism example

"If someone tells me to hide, I'll cover my face".

Mnemonic for 7 Erik Erikson's stages

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First 3 Erikson stages

trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt

School-aged Erikson stages

industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion

Adulthood Erikson stages

intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair.