Conciousnesss

Beta Waves

(13-14 CPS) Awake and Alert

Alpha Waves

(8-12 CPS) Drowsy, relaxed, close to sleep, meditative sleep

Theta Waves

(4-7 CPS) Light sleep

Delta Waves

(Less than 4 CPS) Deep sleep

Stage 1

• Light sleep, theta waves (4-7 CPS)

• Hypnic jerk

• 1-7 minutes

Stage 2 

• Light sleep, Theta waves (4-7 CPS)

• Slightly deeper stage of sleep, 10-25 minutes 

Stage 3

Deep sleep, delta waves (<4 CPS)

Stage 4

• Purely delta waves (close to 1 CPS)

• Deepest stage of sleep

• Reach this stage in 1 hour

Stage 5

• Rapid eye movement (REM)

• Beta waves are present

• Vivid dreaming

• Irregular pulse and breathing

• Muscle paralysis

• Sexual arousal likely

• REM behavioral disorder

• Hypnopompic hallucinations

NREM sleep

• Stages 1,2,3, and 4

• Dream free most of the time, but dreams can and do occur in NREM sleep

Psychodynamic dream theory (freud)

• Psychodynamic dream theory (Freud)

• Wish fulfillment - Dreams are an expression of unconscious desires

• Dream symbols - manifest content, latent content

Activation-synthesis hypothesis (Hobson and McCarley)

• Dream content affected by motor commands in the brain during sleep that are not carried out

• During REM sleep

• Several lower brain centers are “turned on” (activated)

• Brain searches through stored memories and manufacturers (synthesizes) a dream

Neurocongitive dream theory (Domhoff)

• Dreams basically reflect waking thoughts and emotions

• Dreams are a conscious expression of REM sleep processes

• Sorting and storing daily experiences (working out your daily issues)

Insomnia

•  most common sleep disturbance 

• Difficulty geting to sleep or staying asleep (initial, middle, terminal)

• About ⅓ adults report occasional insomnia 

• About ⅙ report that it is frequent or severe 

• Women are more likely than men to suffer 

Parasomnia

• Parasomnias - Abnormal behavior while sleeping.

• Sleep walking (Somnambulism)

• Sleep talking

• Sleep eating

• Sleep Sex – Sexsomnia 

• Generally occur in deep NREM (stages 3 + 4)

Nightmares

• Bad dreams that occur during REM sleep

• Brief and easily remembered

Night terrors

• Total panic with possible hallucinations of frightening dream images

• Occurs during stage 4 (NREM)

• Generally not remembered

• Most common in childhood; may occur in some adults

Sleep Apnea

• Repeated interrupted breathing during sleep

• Typically very loud snorers

• Treated by surgery, weight loss, breathing mask

Sudden Infant death (sids)

• Sudden and unexplained death of infants

• Crib death

• “Back to sleep”

Narcolepsy

• Sudden, irresistible sleep attacks 

• Person falls straight into REM sleep

• Typically triggered by emotional excitement 

Hypnosis involves ___

• Narrowed Attention

• Increased openness to suggestion

State theory

• Dissociative state (highway hypnosis)

• This theory assumes that hypnosis is a true ASC

Nonstate theory

• Hypnosis is not a distinct state. Not an ASC.

• So what is it then?

Physical dependence (drugs)

• Drug tolerance

• Withdrawal symptoms

• Physical illness following withdrawal of the drug

Psychological dependence (drugs)

Dependence based on psychological or emotional needs

Which of the following were once widely prescribed for weight loss or depression, but today, their main legitimate medical uses are to treat childhood hyperactivity and /overdoses of depressant drugs?

amphetamines

The neurocogntive dream theory emphasizes

that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.

Which of the following occurs during REM sleep?

irregular heart rate and blood pressure

If Terry stops taking oxycotin, he develops severe flu-like symptoms, such as chills, cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. Terry is experiencing a

physical dependence.

Differences between nightmares and night terrors include

that nightmares occur during REM sleep; night terrors occur during NREM sleep.

The chief characteristic of hypnosis is

increased suggestibility.

Regarding marijuana, which of the following statements is FALSE?

THC enhances the body’s immune system, decreasing one’s risk of disease.

Greg utilizes the most frequently used drug in North America, which is

 

caffeine.

Dreams can occur in

both REM and NREM sleep.