Studied by 11 peopleScientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems, including stating a problem/question, making observations/research, formulating a hypothesis, conducting an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results.
Graphing
The visual representation of data using graphs and charts, with the independent variable on the x-axis, dependent variable on the y-axis, labeled axes and units, and a descriptive title.
Data Analysis/Statistics
The process of analyzing data to determine the validity of observed patterns, using descriptive and inferential statistics, such as mean, standard deviation, standard error, and confidence intervals.
Hypothesis Testing
The process of testing a hypothesis by comparing observed data to expected data, using statistical tests such as chi square analysis and t-tests, to determine if there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
Chi Square Analysis
A statistical test used to compare observed and expected data in categorical variables, to determine if the variation in results from expected values is due to chance.
t-tests
A statistical test used to compare the means of two populations or groups, to determine if there is a significant difference between them.
Covalent Bonds
Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, resulting in the formation of molecules.
Molecule
Atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Polar Molecules
Carry a slight electrical charge at opposite poles.
Non-polar Molecules
Molecules that do not have an electrical charge.
Electronegativity
Atom's desire to acquire electrons.
Ionic Bonds
Form between metal and non-metal atoms, where metal atoms lose electrons and non-metal atoms gain electrons.
Salts
Compounds held together by ionic bonds.
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak intermolecular attractions between polar molecules.
Order of 3 Bonds Strongest to Weakest
Covalent Bonds, Ionic Bonds, Hydrogen Bonds
Van der Waals Interactions or London Dispersion Forces
Temporary intermolecular attractions due to the clumping of electrons on one side of an atom. Weakest Bond
Water Cycle
The cycling of water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
Polar Molecule
Water is a _______ with a slight negative charge on the oxygen end and a slight positive charge on the hydrogen end.
Hydrogen Bonds
"Special type of intermolecular bond formed between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (N, O, or F). It is weaker than covalent bonds but stronger than other intermolecular forces. __________ play a crucial role in DNA structure, protein folding, and water's unique properties."
Specific Heat
The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance per unit mass. In biology, __________ refers to the heat capacity of living organisms and their ability to regulate internal temperature. It plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and adapting to environmental changes.
Solvent
A substance capable of dissolving other substances. It is typically a liquid, such as water, that can dissolve solutes to form a solution. Important in biology as they facilitate various biochemical reactions and transport molecules within cells."
Heat of Vaporization
The amount of heat energy required to convert one gram of a liquid substance into vapor at its boiling point, without changing its temperature. It is a measure of the strength of the intermolecular forces holding the liquid together.
Evaporative Cooling
Allows processes like sweating and transpiration to cool off organisms.
Cohesion and Adhesion
The attraction between molecules of the same substance, causes them to stick together. The attraction between molecules of different substances, causing them to stick to each other.
Expansion upon Freezing
Water expands as it freezes, making ice less dense than liquid water and allowing it to float.
Carbon
The element that makes up most compounds found in living things.
Organic Macromolecules aka Biomolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbon Dioxide
The original source of carbon in all life forms.
Carbon Bonds
Carbon has 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form four covalent bonds and create a variety of shapes and functions.
Macromolecules
Formed by combining individual units called monomers through dehydration synthesis.
Carbohydrates
Sugars that serve as sources of quick energy and structural materials.
Monosaccharides
The building blocks of carbohydrates, with glucose, fructose, and ribose being common examples.
Polysaccharides
Formed by bonding several monosaccharides together, including starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
Lipids
Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids, mostly hydrophobic.
Fatty Acids
Lipids consist of fatty acids and a glycerol molecule held together by ester linkages.
Triglycerides
Major types of lipids, including saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and polyunsaturated fats.
Hydrogenated or Trans Fats
Solid fats created by adding hydrogen and breaking double or triple bonds, associated with health issues.
Phospholipids
Lipids that replace a fatty acid chain with a phosphate ion, amphipathic with polar and nonpolar sides. Make up most cell membranes.
Steroids
Lipids composed of 4 carbon rings, including testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and cholesterol.
Proteins
Make up over 50% of an organism's dry weight, composed of amino acids.
Amino Acids
There are 20 different ones used to make proteins, with four parts: carboxyl end, amine end, alpha carbon, and R group.
Peptide Bonds
The bond that amino acids are bonded together by.
Polypeptide
Two or more bonded amino acids forming a chain.
Protein Structure
Four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
Tertiary Structure
Refers to the overall shape of an individual polypeptide chain, stabilized by disulfide bridges and ionic interactions.
Quaternary Structure
Formed when two or more polypeptides are woven together.
Denaturation
The unfolding of a protein or enzyme, causing loss of function. Usually caused by differences in heat or PH levels.
Nitrogen Cycle
The process of nitrogen moving from the atmosphere to living things and back.
Nitrogen Fixation
The process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants.
Nitrification
Process in which ammonia is converted into nitrites, then further oxidized into nitrates by bacteria. Occurs in soil and water environments. An important step in the nitrogen cycle. Increases availability of nitrogen for plants. Supports plant growth and ecosystem productivity.
Denitrification
Conversion of nitrates back into oxygen and nitrogen gas.
Ammonification
Conversion of ammonia into ammonium.
Nucleic Acids
Function to store genetic information. Make up both DNA and RNA
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