Allgemeine Psychologie: Lernen, Emotion, Motivation und Aufmerksamkeit (copy)

Definition of Learning

Learning is a process resulting in relatively permanent changes in behavior or potential behavior that is based on experience.

Three Core Characteristics of Learning

Change in behavior, consistency and sustainability, and being an experience-based process.

Implicit Learning

Learning that occurs incidentally, automatically, and without significant mental effort, such as children acquiring their mother tongue.

Explicit Learning

Planned and effortful learning involving cognitive effort and readiness, as seen in academic contexts.

Habituation

A basic form of learning where the behavioral response diminishes due to repeated exposure to a stimulus.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that initially elicits no specific response until it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a previously neutral (conditioned) stimulus.

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.

Introduced by Pavlov, the basic experiment involved dogs salivating

Dogs salivated when they heard a bell that had been paired with food, demonstrating classical conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Positive Punishment

Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.

Negative Punishment

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.

Bobo Doll Experiment

A study by Bandura where children imitated aggressive behavior observed in adults.

Emotions serve as powerful motivators

They drive attention to important situations, trigger reactions, and communicate intentions.

Circumplex Model of Emotion

A two-dimensional model that organizes emotions along the axes of valence (pleasant vs. unpleasant) and activation.

James-Lange Theory

Theory stating that physiological reactions precede the experience of emotion.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Theory proposing that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A motivational theory that outlines a hierarchy of needs, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

Flow State

A mental state of complete immersion in an activity, resulting in heightened focus and enjoyment.

Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

Selective Attention

The process of focusing on a specific object or task in the environment while ignoring others.

Inattentional Blindness

The failure to notice unexpected stimuli in one’s visual field when focused on a specific task.

Global Workspace Theory

A theory that suggests consciousness arises from the integration of information across various brain areas.

Coping Strategies

Methods an individual uses to deal with stress or difficult situations, such as problem-focused or emotion-focused coping.